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Surveillance Epidemiology

dr.RR. Sri Ratna Rahayu M.Kes , PhD


Surveillance

Surveillance is defined as the ongoing,


systematic collection analysis and
interpretation of health data, linked with
giving feedback to people at all levels
of the data collection system as well as
applying the information to disease
prevention and control measures.
Setting up a surveillance system A surveillance
system for emergency health care should be
started from the initial needs assessment

The goal of surveillance is to give timely


information about health problems so that
diseases and outbreaks can be detected early and
health services respond more effectively.
Objectives of surveillance include
Objectives of surveillance
Monitoring a populations health and identifying
priority immediate and long-term health needs

Following disease trends for early detection and


control of outbreaks

Assisting in planning and implementing health


programs

Ensuring resources are targeted to the most


vulnerable groups

Monitoring the quality of health care

Evaluating the coverage and effectiveness of


programe interventions
Surveillance systems in emergency and post-emergency phases
Indicators and sources
of information

surveillance requires standard data collection,


analysis and reporting procedures

the time and resources for collecting, analysing


and reporting data are limited particularly in the
acute emergency phase, only the most essential
indicators should be selected based on practical
use
indicators in surveillance systems
of an emergency

Demographic indicators estimate the total


population, vulnerable groups and in-
andout
migration

Health Status indicators estimate mortality


rate, morbidity rate and nutritional status

Programe process indicators estimate the


coverage of immunization, health services,
food distribution, water and sanitation
Surveillance indicators and sources of
information
Alternatives to surveillance

Surveillance systems are often biased because


they collect information passively, i.e. they
mainly focus on people who use existing services

Other methods of gathering information are


necessary for detecting health problems and cases
occurring outside the existing facilities. Other
methods of collecting information will follow.
Community-based surveillance
In community surveillance, a limited amount of
health information is gathered directly from the
community (e.g. new cases with a common
disease)

This might require training volunteers,


community health volunteers and extension health
workers to recognise and manage cases according
to their diagnostic skills

Broad case definitions can help community


outreach workers to recognise and refer all
possible cases to health facilities
Qualified health workers in higher levels of the emergency
health system can be trained to use more specific (but less
sensitive) case definitions, which may require laboratory
confirmation. This will ensure the surveillance system does
not miss any person that is a probable or definite case with
a communicable disease

The table below gives examples of case


definitions that may be appropriate for workers at
different levels of a primary health care programe
Case definitions from home to hospital
Surveys
Sometimes it is necessary to organize focused
assessments to gather information that is not
immediately available through the existing
surveillance system

For details on surveys, refer to the next section on


population surveys

Key differences between surveys and surveillance


are described in the following table.
Differences between surveys
and surveillance
Outbreak investigation

A surveillance system should be sensitive enough to


pick up the first few cases with diseases that have
epidemic potential (see table below).

This can be achieved by training all data collectors


to recognize cases with reportable diseases

They should also be given guidelines for


immediate reporting of a suspected disease
outbreak.

All reports should prompt immediate action by the


appropriate health authorities beginning with a
preliminary investigation to confirm whether there
really is an outbreak
Examples of diseases that
can cause outbreak
Analysing and reporting surveillance
data
For a surveillance system to be useful, the
information that is gathered should be analyzed
and reported in a timely manner.

Data analysis includes sumarising data into frequency


tables, calculating rates, plotting simple graphs and
comparing all information with earlier information.

As much data analysis as possible must be done at


the field level where it can be used.

This will improve the programes effectiveness.


Staff responsible for
analysing and reporting surveillance
data need

Focus on mortality rates and key


causes of illness;

Display disease trends in form of


graphs;

Ensure information is passed


promptly to decision-makers in a
manner they can easily understand;
Give feedback to the data collectors
after analysing and interpreting the
information. Refer to the data analysis
section for further details.
Example of a 2x2 Frequency
Table
Evaluating a
surveillance system
The following indicators might
also be used for evaluating the
Percentage of cases system:
surveillance or deaths reported as
Unknown or Other;

Suitability and use of standard case definitions;

Ways of disseminating findings from


surveillance;

Who gets and who uses the surveillance data;

Procedures for making inquiries and for direct


reporting of epidemics;

Use of surveillance findings in decision-


making and action.
Thanks

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