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FAULT PROTECTION

PRESENTED BY:
SKY ROEGEN GAYATGAY G.
&
ALEXIS EMMANUEL GESULGON G.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
NAME THE PROTECTION PROVIDED AGAINST:
1.SHORT CIRCUIT 2.SMALL OVERLOADS
DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE WHEN REPLACING A
BLOWN FUSE
EXPLAIN IN SIMPLE TERMS, PREFERENTIAL
TRIPPING WHEN OVERLOAD OCCURS
EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF UNDER VOLTAGE
PROTECTION OF GENERATORS AND OF MOTORS
EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF REVERSE POWER
PROTECTION
SKETCH THE LAYOUT OF TYPICAL MAIN
SWITCHBOARD INDICATING THE FUNCTION OF THE
MAIN PARTS
EXPLAIN THE DANGER ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SPACES IN THE VICINITY OF BUSBARS
EXPLAIN THE USE OF TRANSFORMERS FOR
SWITCHBOARD INSTRUMENTS, STATING THE
VOLTAGES AND CURRENT PRODUCED.
DESCRIBED THE EARTHING OF INSTRUMENTS
EXPLAIN THE POTENTIAL DANGER OF
INSTRUMENTS VOLTAGE/CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT AND THE SAFE PROCEDURE FOR WORKING
ON SUCH CIRCUITS.
EXPLAIN HOW STATUS INDICATOR LAMPS ARE
USUALLY SUPPLIED WITH POWER.
DESCRIBE THE PROCERDURE IF THE FAULT
DEVELOPS A MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER
DESCRIBE THE PROTECTION NORMALLY PROVIDED
ON THE DOORS OF SWITCHBOARD CUBICLES.
ADJUST, MAINTAIN AND TEST OF FAULTS
PROTECTION NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED.
Protection against short circuits and overload
An overload current is caused in a fault free
circuit through the overload of a single load
or multiple loads operated simultaneously
that exceed the permissible total current. By
contrast, a short circuit is a conducting
connection, e.g. phase neutral conductor,
caused by a fault.
Circuit breakers are used in a variety of
ways. They are mounted in panel boards to
protect branch circuit wiring and they are
built into equipment to protect it. With
this range of applications, it's not
surprising that a circuit breaker must
provide both short circuit and overload
protection.
DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE WHEN REPLACING A
BLOWN FUSE
You will first need to find or obtain a
replacement fuseone of the same amperage,
and definitely not higher. Then youll
need to find the fuse box and open it. You
might need a flashlight to find it,
depending on the location, and you may
also need a screwdriver to take off the
casing. Among all the fuses, the blown one
may be visible if it is raised up above
the rest or otherwise appears burnt or
broken.
Insert the new fuse, turn clockwise, and
tighten it until it is just firm; do not
aggressively tighten it as much as
possible. Make sure to reseal the fuse
boxs lid or covering, and then you can
just throw away the blown fuse.
EXPLAIN IN SIMPLE TERMS, PREFERENTIAL
TRIPPING WHEN OVERLOAD OCCURS
Preferential trip is a kind of electrical
arrangement on ship which is designed to
disconnect the non-essential circuit i.e.
non-essential load from the main bus bar in
case of partial failure or overload of the
main supply
The non-essential circuits or loads on ships
are air conditioning, exhaust and ventilation
fans, and galley equipment which can be
disconnected momentarily and can be connected
again after fault finding. The main advantage
of preferential trip is that it helps in
preventing the operation of main circuit
breaker trip and loss of power on essential
services and thus prevents blackout and
overloading of generator.
EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF UNDER VOLTAGE
PROTECTION OF GENERATORS AND OF MOTORS

Under Voltage Protection


This method is used to prevent closure of the
breaker by mistake, or the generator that is
coming on load during parallel operation. It
also provides protection against loss of
voltage while machinery is connected to the
switchboard.

In this system tripping is generally delayed


for discrimination purposes. This is done so
that the voltage drop is caused by fault and
time is allowed for the appropriate fuse or
breaker to operate and the voltage to be
recovered without the loss of power supply
EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF REVERSE POWER
PROTECTION

Reverse Power Protection


There is not much difference between an
alternator and electric motors from the
engineer's perspective. They are both based
on similar principles. So just imagine what
would happen if an alternator suddenly would
act as a motor. This is only possible in
systems where two or more generators are
running in parallel.
Hence this type of protection system
is used only if there is more than one
alternator on board a ship. The system
is designed in such a way that it will
release the breaker and prevent
motoring of alternator if a reversal
of power occurs. This protection
device is also used to prevent damage
to the prime mover, which might be
stopped due to some fault. Though it
is extremely difficult to detect
reverse current with an alternating
current system, reverse power can be
detected and protection can be
provided by reverse power relay.
SKETCH THE LAYOUT OF TYPICAL MAIN
SWITCHBOARD INDICATING THE FUNCTION OF THE
MAIN PARTS
Inside a switchboard there will be one or
more busbars. These are flat strips of copper
or aluminum, to which the switchgear is
connected. Busbars carry large currents
through the switchboard, and are supported by
insulators. Bare busbars are common, but many
types are now manufactured with an insulating
cover on the bars, leaving only connection
points exposed.
The operator is protected from electrocution
by safety switches and fuses. There may also
be controls for the supply of electricity to
the switchboard, coming from a generator or
bank of electrical generators, especially
frequency control of AC power and load
sharing controls, plus gauges showing
frequency and perhaps a synchroscope. The
amount of power going into a switchboard must
always equal to the power going out to the
loads.
EXPLAIN THE DANGER ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SPACES IN THE VICINITY OF BUSBARS

Busbars are thick, heavy conductive metal


components used for electrical applications,
especially those pertaining to a single connection
between multiple circuits or transfer of large
currents. They are found in large power distribution
units, such as electrical substations and
switchboards, and can be insulated or uninsulated
depending on the application. Similarly, they are
either left exposed (open-air busbars) or contained,
as is acceptable to the operation.
Copper busbars are regularly used for many
applications, due to the superior
conductivity of copper. The amount of current
a busbar can carry is determined by its size
and by the peak temperature of the operation;
larger busbars can safely hold larger
currents. Temperature ranges vary between
materials, as well; aluminum, for example, is
more sensitive to maximum temperatures than
copper due to its rapid oxidation. Typically,
busbars are installed as strips or tubes;
these shapes both have relatively high
surface areas, and therefore lose heat at a
faster rate than other types, allowing for
regular use without as much risk of
overheating or associated dangers. Custom
shapes are also produced, as busbar
applications are specific to electrical
system design and facility constraints.
EXPLAIN THE USE OF TRANSFORMERS FOR
SWITCHBOARD INSTRUMENTS, STATING THE
VOLTAGES AND CURRENT PRODUCED.
DESCRIBED THE EARTHING OF INSTRUMENTS

Grounding is defined as electrical equipment


connected directly to mother earth, or to
some conducting body that serves in place of
the earth, such as the steel frame of a high-
rise building on a concrete footing. Proper
grounding is an essential component for
safely operating electrical systems. Improper
grounding methodology has the potential to
bring disastrous results. There are many
different categories and types of grounding
principles. This papers focus is to
demonstrate proper grounding techniques for
low voltage Instrument and Control Systems
(IACS) that have been proven safe and
reliable when employed in gas measurement
facilities.
EXPLAIN THE POTENTIAL DANGER OF INSTRUMENTS
VOLTAGE/CURRENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT AND THE
SAFE PROCEDURE FOR WORKING ON SUCH CIRCUITS.
EXPLAIN HOW STATUS INDICATOR LAMPS ARE
USUALLY SUPPLIED WITH POWER.

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