Tasneem Ahmed

www.tasneemkhokhar1280@gmail.com
1. Introduction
 Definitions: Learning is:
1. a persisting change in human performance or
performance potential . . . (brought) about as a
result of the learners interaction with the
environment (Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9).
the relatively permanent change in a persons
knowledge or behavior due to experience
(Mayer, 1982, p. 1040).

an enduring change in behavior, or in the

capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results
from practice or other forms of experience
(Shuell, 1986, p. 412).
Learning Theory

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Social Learning Theory

Social Constructivism

Multiple Intelligences

Brain-Based Learning
Behaviorism
Learning is defined by the outward expression of new behaviors

Focuses solely on observable behaviors

A biological basis for learning

Learning is context-independent

Classical & Operant Conditioning

Reflexes (Pavlovs Dogs)
Feedback/Reinforcement (Skinners Pigeon Box)
Cognitive Learning Theory
Discovery Learning

1. Bruner said anybody can learn anything at

any age, provided it is stated in terms
they can understand.
Cognitivism

Grew in response to Behaviorism

Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols

Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful &

memorable way

Studies focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol

connection
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
Grew out of Cognitivism

A. Bandura (1973)

Learning takes place through observation and sensorial

experiences

Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery

SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media &

video games
Two main types of Learning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
addresses learning of involuntary responses. For example
when the sound of a bell alone stimulates saliva flow in dogs.

University- M.Ed in Ad Ed program

Paris, N.A. Kennesaw State
OPERANT CONDITIONING:
addresses learning of voluntary responses.

10
Humanist

All students are intrinsically motivated to self actualize or

learn

Learning is dependent upon meeting a hierarchy of needs

(physiological, psychological and intellectual)

Learning should be reinforced.

Edward Lee Thorndike

Born August 31, 1874

Died August 9, 1949
Born in Williamsburg,
Massachusetts
led to the theory of
connectionism
Laying the foundation for
modern educational
psychology.
Cats in Puzzle Boxes
Cats in Puzzle Boxes

These led Thorndike to formulate

first his Principles of Learning and
then his Theory of Learning that
became the foundation of modern
educational psychology.
Principles of Learning

Thorndike specified three conditions that maximizes learning:

The Law of Effect states that the likely recurrence of a response is

generally governed by its consequence or effect generally in the
form of reward or punishment.

The Law of Recency states that the most recent response is likely
to govern the recurrence.

The Law of Exercise stated that stimulus-response associations

are strengthened through repetition.
Theory of Learning

Thorndike created basic rules of learning

Theory of Learning

1. The most basic form of learning is trial and error learning.

2 Learning is incremental not insightful.
3. Learning is not mediated by ideas.
4. All mammals learn in the same manner.
Theory of Learning
5. Law of Readiness: Interference with goal directed behaviour
causes frustration and causing someone to do something they
do not want to do is also frustrating.
a. When someone is ready to perform some act, to do so is
satisfying.
b. When someone is ready to perform some act, not to do so is
annoying.
c. When someone is not ready to perform some act and is forced to
do so, it is annoying.
Theory of Learning

6. Law of Exercise: We learn by doing. We forget by not doing,

although to a small extent only.
a. Connections between a stimulus and a response are strengthened
as they are used. (law of use)
b. Connections between a stimulus and a response are weakened as
they are not used. (law of disuse)
Theory of Learning

7. Law of Effect: If the response in a connection is followed by a

satisfying state of affairs, the strength of the connection is
considerably increased whereas if followed by an annoying
state of affairs, then the strength of the connection is
marginally decreased.
Theory of Learning

8. Multiple Responses: A learner would keep trying multiple

responses to solve a problem before it is actually solved.
Theory of Learning

9. Set or Attitude: What the learner already possesses, like prior

learning experiences, present state of the learner, etc., while it
begins learning a new task.
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
&
HAVE A NICE DAY
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