Structural Design - Pre Stressed Concrete

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Pre-stressed concrete
Code of Practice - EC2 Design of concrete structures
Introduction
A fundamental aim of pre-stressed concrete is to limit tensile stresses, and hence
flexural cracking, in the concrete under working conditions. Design is therefore based
initially on the requirements of the serviceability limit state. Subsequently considered
are ultimate limit state criteria for bending and shear. In addition to the concrete
stresses under working loads, deflections must be checked, and attention must also be
paid to the construction stage when the pre-stress force is first applied to the immature
concrete (transfer condition).
EC2 covers the design of pre-stressed concrete members in which the pre-stress is
applied by tendons; the tendons may be embedded in the concrete and may be pre-
tensioned and bonded or post-tensioned and bonded or un-bonded. The tendons may
also be external to the structure with points of contact occurring at deviators and
anchorages. It should be noted that second-order moments can be induced in pre-
stressed members with external tendons if their points of contact with the concrete are
sufficiently far apart.
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

1 B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
9/12/2017
Clauses in EC2 for the

design of pre-stressed
concrete members
2 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
9/12/2017
Principles of pre-stressing
Pre-stressing means the artificial creation of stresses in a structure before loading, so
that the stresses which then exist under load are more favourable than would otherwise
be the case. Since concrete is strong in compression the material in a beam will be used
more efficiently if it can be maintained in a state of compression throughout. The
compressive force is usually provided by tensioned steel wires or strands which are
anchored against the concrete and, since the stress in this steel is not an important
factor in the behaviour of the beam but merely a means of applying the appropriate
force, full advantage may be taken of very high strength steel.
For the case of an axially applied force acting over the length of beam, the stress
distribution at any section will equal the sum of the compression and bending stresses if
it is assumed that the concrete behaves elastically. Thus it is possible to determine the
applied force so that the combined stresses are always compressive.
By applying the compressive force eccentrically on the concrete cross section, a further
stress distribution, due to the bending effects of the couple thus created. This effect
offers further advantages when attempting to produce working stresses within required
limits.

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Effects of axial pre-stress Effects of eccentric pre-stress

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Methods of pre-stressing
Two basic techniques are commonly employed in the construction of pre-stressed
concrete, their main difference being whether the steel tensioning process is performed
before or after the hardening of the concrete. The choice of method will be governed
largely by the type and size of member coupled with the need for precast or in-situ
construction
Pre-tensioning
In this method the steel wire or strands are stretched to the required tension and
anchored to the ends of the moulds for the concrete. The concrete is cast around the
tensioned steel, and when it has reached sufficient strength, the anchors are released
and the force in the steel is transferred to the concrete by bond. In addition to long-
term losses due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation, an immediate drop in pre-stress
force occurs due to elastic shortening of the concrete.
Tendon stresses-
Pretensioning

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Post-tensioning
This method, which is the most suitable for in situ construction, involves the stressing
against the hardened concrete of tendons or steel bars which are not bonded to the
concrete. The tendons are passed through a flexible sheathing, which is cast into the
concrete in the correct position. They are tensioned by jacking against the concrete, and
anchored mechanically by means of steel thrust plates or anchorage blocks at each end
of the member. The use of tendons consisting of a number of strands passing through
flexible sheathing offers considerable advantages in that curved tendon profiles may be
obtained. After stressing, the remaining space in the ducts may be left empty (un
bonded), or more usually will be filled with grout under high pressure (bonded).
Although this grout assists in transmitting forces between the steel and concrete under
live loads and improves the ultimate strength of the member, the principal use is to
protect the highly stressed strands from corrosion.

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Analysis of concrete section under working loads

Unlike reinforced concrete, the primary analysis of pre-stressed concrete is based on
service conditions, and on the assumption that stresses in the concrete are limited to
values which will correspond to elastic behaviour. The following assumptions are made
in analysis.
1. Plane section remain plane.

2. Stress-strain relationships are linear
3. Bending occurs about a principal axis
4. The pre-stressing force is the value remaining after all losses have occurred.
5. Changes in tendon stress due to applied loads on the member have negligible effect
on the behaviour of the member.
6. Section properties are generally based on the gross concrete cross section.
Sign convention and

notation

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Member subjected to axial pre-stress force
Stresses in member with axial pre-

stress force
It can be seen from the stress distribution that the top fibre is generally in
considerable compression, while the bottom fibre is generally at lower stresses.
Much better use of the concrete could be made if the stresses at both top and
bottom can be caused to vary over the full range of permissible stresses for the
two extreme loading conditions.

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Member subjected to eccentric pre-stress force
Stresses in member with axial pre-

stress force
As per the stress distribution diagram, it can be seen that the differences in the
net stress diagrams for the extreme loading cases are solely due to the
differences between the applied moment terms Mmax and Mmin. It follows that
by increasing the range of the stresses by the use of an eccentric pre-stress
force the range of applied moments that the beam can carry is also increased.
The minimum moment Mmin that can be resisted is generally governed by the
need to avoid tension in the top of the beam
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Example 01
A rectangular beam 150mm X 300mm is simply supported over a 4m span, and supports
a live load of 10kN/m. If a straight tendon is provided at an eccentricity of 65mm below
the centroid of the section, find the minimum pre-stress force necessary for no tension
under live load at mid span. Calculate the corresponding stresses under self weight only
at mid span and at the ends of the member.

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Design for the serviceability limit state

The design of a pre-stressed concrete member is based on maintaining the concrete
stresses within specified limits at all stages of the life of the member. Hence the primary
design is based on the serviceability limit state, with the concrete stress limits based on
the acceptable degree of flexural cracking, the necessity to prevent excessive creep and
the need to ensure that excessive compression does not result in longitudinal and micro
cracking.
Allowable concrete compressive stress under the action of = 0.6fck

Characteristic loads (Cl. 7.2, (2) EC2)
Allowable concrete compressive stress under the action of = 0.45fck

Quasi-permanent loads
The quasi-permanent loads are the permanent and pre-stressing load, Gk + Pm,t, plus a
proportion of the characteristic variable imposed load. The proportion is taken as 0.3 for
dwellings, offices and stores, 0.6 for parking areas and 0.0 for snow and wind loading.

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Generally for pre-stressed members with bonded tendons crack widths should be
limited to 0.2mm.
At initial transfer of pre-stress to the concrete, the pre-stress force will be considerably
higher than the long-term value as a result of subsequent losses which are due to a
number of causes including elastic shortening, creep and shrinkage of the concrete
member. Since these losses commence immediately, the condition at transfer
represents a transitory stage in the life of a member and further consideration should
be given to limiting both compressive and tensile stresses at this stage. In addition, the
concrete, at this stage , is usually relatively immature and not at full strength and hence
transfer is a critical stage which should be considered carefully. The compressive stress
at transfer should be limited to 0.6fck where fck is based on the strength on the concrete
at transfer. The tensile stress should be limited to 1N/mm2 for sections designed not to
be in tension in service. Where limited flexural stress under service loads is permitted,
some limited tensile stress is permitted at transfer.
Unless the section is designed to be fully in compression under the characteristic loads,
a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement should be provided to control cracking.
This is calculated in an identical manner to the minimum requirement for reinforced
concrete with the allowance that a percentage of the pre-stressing tendons can be
counted towards this minimum area.

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The design of pre-stressing requirements is based on the manipulation of the four basic
expressions describing the stress distribution across the concrete section subjected to
following conditions
1. Initial transfer of pre-stress force with the associated loading (often just the beams
self weight)
2. At service, after pre-stress losses, with minimum and maximum characteristic
loading
3. At service with the quasi-permanent loading
For a single span simply supported beam
fmax, fmin, fmax, fmin are the appropriate

permissible stresses at transfer and
serviceability conditions. P0 is the pre-
stressing force at transfer and K is a
loss factor that accounts for the pre-
stress losses.
Pre-stress beam at transfer and service

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Determination of minimum section properties
Mv = Mmax - K*Mmin
These minimum values of section moduli must be satisfied by the chosen section in order
that a pre-stress force and eccentricity exist which will permit the stress limits to be met;
but to ensure that practical considerations are met the chosen section must have a margin
above the minimum values calculated above.
The ratio of acceptable span to depth for a pre-stressed beam cannot be categorized on the
basis of deflections as easily as for reinforced concrete. In the absence of any other criteria,
the following formulae may be used as a guide and will generally produce reasonably
conservative designs for pre-stressed members

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Example 02
Select a rectangular section for a post-tensioned beam to carry, in addition to its own
self weight, a uniformly distributed load of 3kN/m over a simply supported span of 10m.
The member is to be designed with a concrete strength class C40/50 and is restrained
against torsion at the ends and at mid-span. Assume 20% loss of pre-stress (K=0.8) and
fmax = 16N/mm2

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Design of pre-stress force
Denominator term, (zt/A-e), might be negative if e>zt/A. In

this case, the sense of the inequality would have to change
as the effect of dividing an inequality by a negative number
is to change its sense.
These equations give a range within which the pre-stress force must lie to ensure that
the allowable stress conditions are met at all stages in the life of the member. In the
case of simply supported beam, the design pre-stress force will generally be based on
the minimum value which satisfies these equations at the critical section for bending in
the member.

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Although a range of values of permissible pre-stress force can be found, this makes no
allowance for the fact that the corresponding eccentricity must lie within the beam. It
is therefore necessary to consider the effect of limiting the eccentricity to a maximum
practical value for the section under consideration. The effect of this limitation will be
most severe when considering the maximum moments acting on the section.
P0>Y produces only small

In most practical cases
benefits of additional moment
capacity
Maximum economic value of

Pre-stress force

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Example 03
Determine the minimum initial pre-stress force required for an assumed maximum
eccentricity of 75mm.

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Magnel diagram construction

The four equations proved above can be used to determine a range of possible values of
pre-stress force for a given or assumed eccentricity. For different assumed values of
eccentricity further limits on the pre-stress force can be determined in an identical
manner although the calculations would be tedious and repetitive.
A much more useful approach to design can be developed if the equations are treated
graphically.
1
Possible physical
2 5 limitation of the
maximum
3 eccentricity
Above equations now express linear relationship between 1/P0 and e. Note that in
equation 2 the sense of the inequality has been reversed to account for the fact that the
denominator is (-)ve. The relationships can be plotted as shown and this form of
construction is known as a Magnel Diagram.
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Problem 01
Construct the Magnel diagram for the beam in Example 02 and determine the minimum
and maximum possible values of pre-stress force. Assume a maximum possible
eccentricity of 125mm allowing for cover etc. to the tendons.

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Design of tendon profiles

Having obtained a value of pre-stress force which will permit all stress conditions to be
satisfied at the critical section, it is necessary to determine the eccentricity at which this
force must be provided, not only at the critical section but also through out the length
of the member.
Note-:For a member of constant cross-section, if minor

changes in pre-stress force along the length are neglected,
the terms in brackets in the expressions are constant.
Therefore the zone within which the centroid must lie is
governed by the shape of the bending moment envelopes.

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Example 04
Determine the cable zone limits at mid-span and ends of the member designed in
Example 2 for a initial pre-stress force of 700kN.

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Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10, EC2)
Loss of pre-stresses is the difference between the jacking force in the tendon at the pre-
stressing stage and the force after losses have occurred. Some of the losses occur
immediately when the force is transferred to the concrete, e.g elastic shortening of the
member. Other losses occur with time, e.g. creep of the concrete. The jacking force
does not exceed 90% of the characteristic strength of the tendon and is generally not
less than 75% (cl 5.10.3(2),EC2). In practice total losses of the jacking force are within
the range of 15%-40%. If large losses of pre-stress occur then the advantages of pre-
stressed concrete, e.g. no cracks at service load, are lost. It is therefore advantageous to
minimize the loss of pre-stress.
per cent loss of pre-stress = 100*(jacking stress-final stress)/(jacking stress)

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Factors affect to loss of pre-stress
Relaxation of Elastic Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in during Friction in the

the steel deformation of the concrete concrete anchorage ducts and at
(1-12 %) the concrete (1-6 %) (5-15 %) (0-5 %) anchorage
(1-10 %) (3-7 %)
Note-: Initially, in design calculations, the loss of pre-stress is estimated from past
experience and later, when the section shape and size has been determined, a more
accurate calculation is made. A reasonably accurate estimation of the loss of pre-stress
is required because it affects service load conditions.
a). Relaxation of steel (cl. 5.10.4, cl. 3.3.2 and Annex D, EC2)
If a steel tendon is stressed to about 80% of its characteristic strength and anchored
over a fixed length, then after 1000h the stress will reduce. This phenomena, which is
not fully understood, is called relaxation, and may be defined as a loss of stress at
constant strain. The precise value will depend upon whether pre-tensioning or post-
tensioning is used and the characteristics of the steel type.
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b). Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

If a jacking force from a pre-stressing tendon is transferred to a concrete member then,
because the concrete behaves elastically, the member immediately reduces in length. If
the steel and concrete are bonded together, as in pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete,
then the reduction in length is the same for the concrete and the steel and is
unavoidable. In post-tensioned concrete, because the tendon is not bonded to the
concrete during stressing operations, the elastic reduction in length of the concrete can
be allowed for when jacking and the loss can be reduced to a very small value.
Assuming elastic behaviour for a pre-tensioned member where the steel is bonded to
the concrete before the jacking force is transferred to the concrete.

= /
()
Where, = Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or pre-stressing
P0/Ac + P0e2/I
= Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete (refer Table 3.1, eqn 3.1 & 3.5)
= Loss of stress in the steel
= Design value of modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
If fpi is the jacking stress in the steel
percentage loss of pre-stress = 100(Ep/Ecm)cp/fpi

due to elastic shortening
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The design value for the modulus of elasticity Ep may be assumed equal to 205GPa for
wires and bars and 195GPa for strands.
Note-: It is normally adequate to assume 50% of the above loss in the case of post
tensioning.
c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

Shrinkage of concrete is a reduction in dimensions of a concrete member and when
related to loss of pre-stress it is the shrinkage in length which is important. The more
important factors which influence shrinkage in concrete are
1. aggregate used
2. original water content
3. effective age at transfer
4. effective section thickness
5. ambient relative humidity
In the absence of experimental evidence values of shrinkage strain (cs) can be
calculated using equations given in Cl. 3.1. (6).
Assuming elastic behaviour, the loss of pre-stress in the pre-stressing steel
fs = Ep s
Assuming equal strains in the steel and concrete
s = cs

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Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs/fpi) = 100Ep cs /fpi
Percentage loss of pre-stress due to the shrinkage of concrete = 100Ep cs /fpi
d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

Creep is the change in strain which occurs very slowly after the immediate elastic strain
has taken place. The creep coefficient depend on the following.
1. original water content
2. effective age at transfer
3. effective section thickness
4. ambient relative humidity
5. ambient temperature
Creep strain in concrete is stress dependent and values can be obtained from Fig. 3.1,
EC2. Expressed as the elastic strain multiplied by the final creep coefficient >1.
cc(,t0) = (,t0) .(c/Ec)
Assuming elastic behaviour, then loss of pre-stress in the steel
fs = Ep s
Assuming the strain in the steel equals the creep strain in the concrete
s = cc(,t0) =(,t0) .(c/Ec)

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Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs/fpi) = 100(Ep /Ec) (,t0)c /fpi
Loss of pre-stress due to the creep of concrete = 100(Ep /Ec) (,t0)c /fpi
e). Anchorage Slip (Cl. 5.10.4, 5.10.5.3,EC2)

Anchorage slip reduces the stress in the wires or tendon and results in a loss of pre-
stress.
When the wires for pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete members are being stressed
the wires are fixed to a single cross-head and the slip can be allowed for and
consequently the loss of pre-stress is small.
In post-tensioning systems allowance should be made for any slip of the tendon at the
anchorage when the pre-stressing force is transferred from the tensioning equipment to
the anchorage. This loss may be large for short members. In practice the slip at the
anchorage L is known and the strain L/L can be calculated.
Loss of pre-stress due to the anchorage slip = 100(L/L)Ep/fpi

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f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

If frictional forces act along the length of a tendon then the force at a point distant from
the jack will be less than at the jack.
Generally, for pre-tensioned members the wires are straight and frictional losses only
occur during jacking operations at the anchorage. The magnitude is generally known
and allowance can be made.
For post-tensioned members the tendons are contained in straight or curves ducts and
during jacking operations the tendons move relative to frictional surfaces.
Losses due to friction P(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be estimated from

P(x) = P0(1-e-(+kx))
Where,
= sum of the angular displacements over a distance x (irrespective of
direction or sign)
= coefficient of friction between the tendon and its duct (Table 5.1)
k = an unintentional angular displacement for internal tendons (per unit
length)
x = distance along the tendon from the point where the pre-stressing force is
equal to Pmax(P0) (the force at the active end during tensioning)

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If the radius of curvature is large = x/rps

For a straight duct with a wobble =kx
at
x
L
rps = L2/(8at) + at/2
Loss of pre-stress due to the friction = 100(1-e-(+kx))

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Example 05
Determine the loss of pre-stress for the post-tensioned beam shown in figure below
which is subjected to a total jacking force P0 = 1000kN. Assume C40/50 Grade concrete,
jacking from both ends, and smooth round bars stressed to 70% of the characteristic
stress.

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Example 06
A post tensioned beam shown in figure below is stressed by two tendons with a
parabolic profile and having a total cross sectional area Ap = 7500mm2. The total initial
pre-stress force is P0 = 10500kN and the total characteristic strength is Ppk = 14000kN

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Analysis of a section in bending at the Ultimate Limit State (Cl. 3.1.7, EC2)
Analysis entails the determination of the moment of resistance of a section given the
size of the section and reinforcement. The behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete
member in bending at the ultimate limit state is similar to that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member.
The basic concepts are simple and the analysis of a section in bending at ultimate load is
based on the following assumptions.
1. Plane section remain plane,
2. The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, is
the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The stresses in the reinforcement or pre-stressing steel are derived from
the design curves. (Fig. 3.8 & 3.10 in EC2)
5. The initial pre-strain in the pre-stressing tendons is taken in to account
when assessing the stresses in the tendons at the ultimate limit state.
6. For cross sections subject to pure longitudinal compression, the
compressive strain is limited to 0.002 and for bending 0.0035.
7. The tensile strain in the steel is limited to 0.02.

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The partial safety factors on loads and material for this analysis are the normal values
for the ultimate limit state. However, in consideration of the effect of the pre-stress
force this force should be multiplied by a partial safety factor of 0.9 when the pre-stress
force is considered to be, as is usual, a favourable effect.
As the loads on a pre-stressed member increase above the working values, cracking
occurs and the pre-stressing steel begins to behave as conventional reinforcement. The
behaviour of the member at the ULS is exactly as that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member except that the initial strain in the steel must be taken in to account
in the calculations.
The total steel strain is that due to bending added to the initial strain in the steel
resulting from pre-stress. For a series of assumed neutral axis positions, the total
tension capacity is compared with the compressive force developed by a uniform stress
of 0.567fck, and when reasonable agreement is obtained, the moment of resistance can
be evaluated.

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Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance

The section of a pre-tensioned beam shown in Figure below is stressed by ten 5mm
wires of 0.1% proof stress fp0.1k = 1600N/mm2. If these wires are initially stressed to
1120N/mm2 and 30% losses are anticipated, estimate the ultimate moment of
resistance of the section if class C35/45 concrete is used.
Design of additional reinforcement

Design un-tensioned high yield reinforcement (fyk=500N/mm2) for the rectangular beam
shown in figure below which is stressed by five 5mm wires, if the ultimate moment of
resistance to exceed 40kNm for class 40/50 concrete. The characteristic strength of
tensioned steel, fp0.1k = 1600N/mm2.

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Analysis of a section in shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

Shear in pre-stressed concrete is considered at the ultimate limit state. Design for shear
therefore involves the most severe loading conditions, with the usual partial safety
factors.
The response of a member in resisting shear is similar to that for reinforced concrete,
but with the additional effects of the compression due to the pre-stressing force. This
will increase the shear resistance considerably and this is taken into account in EC2 by
enhancing the equation for the shear capacity (VRd,c) of the section without shear
reinforcement.
In calculating the design shear force, VEd, it is permissible to take into account the
vertical component of force in any inclined tendons which will tend to act in a direction
that resist shear, thus enhancing the shear capacity of the section. In such a case the
pre-stressing force should be multiplied by the partial safety factor of 0.9.
Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

In regions of pre-stressed beams where shear forces are small and, taking into account
any beneficial effect of forces attributable to inclined pre-stressing tendons, the
concrete section on its own may have sufficient shear capacity (VRd,c) to resist the
ultimate shear force (VEd).

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Shear strength without shear reinforcement- regions un-cracked in bending

For the special case of a single span beam, in regions which are un-cracked in bending
(i.e where sagging moments are relatively small near to the supports), the shear
strength of the concrete section could be governed by the development of excessive
tensile stresses in the concrete. These regions are defined as where the flexural tensile
stress in the un-cracked section does not exceed fctk,0.05/c, where fctk is the
characteristic axial tensile strength of the concrete.

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The variable strut inclination method for sections that require shear reinforcement

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Steps for shear design

Note-: All shear will be resisted by the provision of links with no direct contribution from
the shear capacity of the concrete itself.
1. Calculate shear force at the section

2. Check if shear reinforcement is required
3. Check the crushing strength of the concrete diagonal strut (VRd,max)
4. Calculate the area and spacing of links
5. Calculate the minimum link requirement
6. Calculate the additional longitudinal force due to the shear and longitudinal
reinforcement requirement.

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Example 07


Structural Design - Pre Stressed Concrete

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9/12/2017

Code of Practice - EC2 Design of concrete structures

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Clauses in EC2 for the

2 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

3 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Effects of axial pre-stress Effects of eccentric pre-stress

4 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

5 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Analysis of concrete section under working loads

1. Plane section remain plane.

Sign convention and

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Member subjected to axial pre-stress force

Stresses in member with axial pre-

8 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Member subjected to eccentric pre-stress force

Stresses in member with axial pre-

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Design for the serviceability limit state

Allowable concrete compressive stress under the action of = 0.6fck

Allowable concrete compressive stress under the action of = 0.45fck

11 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

12 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

For a single span simply supported beam

fmax, fmin, fmax, fmin are the appropriate

Pre-stress beam at transfer and service

Determination of minimum section properties

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Design of pre-stress force

Denominator term, (zt/A-e), might be negative if e>zt/A. In

16 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

P0>Y produces only small

Maximum economic value of

17 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

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Magnel diagram construction

20 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Design of tendon profiles

Note-:For a member of constant cross-section, if minor

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Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10, EC2)

per cent loss of pre-stress = 100*(jacking stress-final stress)/(jacking stress)

23 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Factors affect to loss of pre-stress

Relaxation of Elastic Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in during Friction in the

b). Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

percentage loss of pre-stress = 100(Ep/Ecm)cp/fpi

c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

26 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

Percentage loss of pre-stress due to the shrinkage of concrete = 100Ep cs /fpi

d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

27 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

e). Anchorage Slip (Cl. 5.10.4, 5.10.5.3,EC2)

Loss of pre-stress due to the anchorage slip = 100(L/L)Ep/fpi

28 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

Losses due to friction P(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be estimated from