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Electromagnetic Radiation
Ref:
C. A. Balanis Antenna Theory and Design, J. Wiley
K. D. Prasad, Antenna & Wave Propagation.
N.O. Sadiku, Principles of Electromagnetics
What is an antenna?
The American Heritage Dictionary: A
metallic apparatus for sending and
receiving electromagnetic waves.
Websters Dictionary: A usually metallic
device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or
receiving radio waves.
Balanis; Antenna Theory: An antenna is a
transitional structure between free-space
and a guiding structure.
Assumption: Lossless antennas
Types of Antennas
Wire antennas
Aperture antennas
Array antennas
Reflector antennas
Lens antennas
Patch antennas
Propagation between two antennas (not to
scale)
[Saunders, 1999]
Diffraction
For radio wave propagation over rough terrain, the
propagation is dependent on the size of the object
encountered.
Waves with wavelengths much shorter than the size of the
object will be reflected
Waves with wavelengths much larger than the size of the
obstacle will pass virtually unaffected.
Waves with intermediate wavelengths curve around the edges
of the obstacles in their propagation (diffraction).
Diffraction allows radio signals to propagate around the
curved surface and propagate behind obstacles.
[Slimane]
Propagation in the Atmosphere
The atmosphere around the earth contains a lot of
gazes (1044 molecules)
It is most dense at the earth surface (90% of
molecules below a height of 20 km).
It gets thinner as we reach higher and higher
attitudes.
The refractive index of the air in the atmosphere
changes with the Height
This affects the propagation of radio waves.
The straight line propagation assumption may not be
valid especially for long distances.
[Slimane]
Effective Earth Radius
[Slimane]
Microwave Communication
[Slimane]
Ionospheric Communication
[Davies, 1993]
Multipath propagation
Observed Phenomena of Radiation
[Saunders, 1999]
Radiation Mechanism: Single Wire
(b) t T/2
Since two wires of flared section are not close to each other, fields radiated by one are
not cancelled by other net radiation by transmission line system.
Current Distribution of Transmission Line and Linear
Dipole
Linear Dipole: 90 flare
l << l = /2
/2 < l <
Very small dipole:
/50 < l /10
Current distribution approx. If diameter of each wire is very small (d
by triangular distribution, << ), ideal standing wave pattern of
Since sin(kl/2) kl/2 when current along arms of the dipole is
kl/2 is very small sinusoidal with null at the end
A linear dipole antenna linear current distibution
Linear dipole Antenna that collects radiation only from the linear polarization whose
electric field is parallel to the antenna wires.
Electric fields perpendicular to the dipole antenna do not produce currents in the antenna,
so the linear dipole is completely insensitive to the linear polarization perpendicular to its
wires.
Current Distribution: Linear Dipole
Standing wave patterns of the currents shown represent analysis at their maximum
current excitation levels possible over the course of their time varying oscillations.
The time varying oscillations can be obtained by multiplying these standing wave
patterns of the current by cos(t)
Hertzian (Short) Dipole : Retarded Potential
Short (small)
current element
No space variation
Hertzian (Short) Dipole : Force Fields
Fields to be evaluated at P
Hertzian (Short) Dipole : Near Fields
Electrostatic Field
(~charge dipole)
Hertzian (Short) Dipole : Near Fields
Inductive Field
(~Biot-Savarts Law)
Hertzian (Short) Dipole : Far Field
Radiation Field
0
Field Boundaries
Boundary
between Near &
Far field regions
-
Antenna Circuit Representation
Hertzian Dipole Vs Short Dipole
Current Distribution :
[Short (Real Vs Ideal) Vs Ideal Dipole]
Half-Wave (/2) Dipole
Vs
Hertzian Dipole
Half-Wave (/2) Dipole
Half-Wave (/2) Dipole
Quarter - Wave (/4) Monopole