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TRANSLATIONSTUDIES
InaSTNIC
Universitylecturer,
MA,PhDstudent
RECOMMENDEDBIBLIOGRAPHY
E.Nida,Ch.Taber,TheTheoryandPracticeof
Translation,1982.
P.Newmark,ATextbookofTranslation,New
York,1988.
R.Bell,Teoriaipracticatraducerii,Polirom2000.
J.Munday,IntroducingTranslationStudies:
TheoriesandApplications,Routledge,2001.
SusanBassnett,TranslationStudies,2002.
..
().1990.
..(
).1975.
COURSECONTENTS:
Definition(s)ofTranslation/Interpreting;
TypesofTranslation/Interpreting;
Unitoftranslation;
Translationtheories;
Context.Typesofcontext;
Equivalenceintranslation;
Translationmethods,techniques,strategies;
TranslatorsFalsefriends;
Lexical,grammaticalandstylisticaspectsof
translation;
Translationassessmentcriteria;
TranslationinMoldova
TOPIC1
Definition(s)ofTranslation/
Interpreting
HOWDOYOUUNDERSTAND
TRANSLATION?
Art
Science
Professionalskill
Communicativemeans
Talent
Afactorforculturalchange
ETYMOLOGYOFTRANSLATION
todefinewhatistranslationandhow
itdiffersfromthesimpleforeign
language;
todiscussmainpeculiaritiesof
languagesystemstheknowledgeof
whichisimportantfortheproper
translationprocess;
toclassifythetypesoftranslation;
THEMAINOBJECTIVESOF
TRANSLATION
todescribethenotionoftranslation
equivalenceandstateitsimportancefor
thetranslationprocess;
tostatetheinfluenceofpragmaticand
sociolinguisticfactorsintheprocessof
translation;
todefinethenotionoftranslation
normsandestablishtheprinciplesof
evaluationofthequalityoftranslation.
TRANSLATIONASPROCESSANDPRODUCT
Process:stagesintranslation:
reading,analyzing,transferringthe
meaning}cognitiveprocessesin
translating.
Product:themessagerenderedin
theTL,theobservableresultofthe
process.
TRANSLATIONASPROCESSAND
PRODUCT
AlexanderFraserTytler,authorofThe
PrinciplesofTranslation,triedto
systematizetheprocessoftranslation.
Heoutlinedthreeprinciples:
Thetranslationshouldrecreatetheoriginal
(ideas);
Itshouldresembletheoriginalinstyle;
Itshouldreadeasilyliketheoriginal.
THEOBJECTOFTRANSLATION
STUDIES
Termsusedtorefertotranslationstudies:
"translatology"
"traductology(lesscommon),andthe
correspondingFrenchtermforthediscipline
isusuallytraductologie.
Translationstudiesthestudyofthe
theoryandpracticeoftranslatingand
interpreting,especiallyinan
academiccontext,combiningelementsof
socialscienceandthehumanities.
TRANSLATIONSTUDIES
Asaninterdiscipline,Translation
Studiesborrowsmuchfromthevarious
fieldsofstudythatsupporttranslation:
history,linguistics,philology,
pragmatics,
comparativeliterature,
computerscience,
andterminology.
AIMSOFTRANSLATIONSTUDIES
Theoreticalaims:toincrease
understanding...by
definingcentralconcepts;
describingwhattranslationsarelike,what
translatorsdo;
explainingwhytranslationsarelikethis;
discoveringhowtranslationsaffectreaders
andcultures.
AIMSOFTRANSLATIONSTUDIES
Appliedaims:toimprovethequalityof
translations(andthereforeintercultural
relations)...by
developingbettertrainingmethods,
developingbettertools,computeraids,
dictionaries,termbanks...,
developingmachinetranslation,
developingwaysofassessingtranslation
quality,
educatingthepublic,makingtranslators
morevisible...
BASICTRANSLATIONPROBLEMS
Textproblems:
Thesourcetextisnotfinal;
Thehandwrittentextisillegible;
Thetexthasmanyspelling
mistakes;
Thegiventextisanextractfroma
biggerpart;
BASICTRANSLATIONPROBLEMS
Textproblems
Languageproblems
BASICTRANSLATIONPROBLEMS
Textproblems
Textstructureisfaulty;
Missingheadingsandcaptions(for
example,thetranslatorneedsto
translateheadingsorcaptionsforthe
missingpicturesorphotos)
BASICTRANSLATION
PROBLEMS
Languageproblems:
Dialectalwords(e.g.Dauncytolook
noticeablyunwell(inIreland);andneologisms
(e.g.Spam,noob);
Unknownabbreviations:acronymsand
initialisms(e.g.AIDS,BBC,B.C.,IOM,IMF,
etc);
Unknownslang:e.g.Thestudentscaught
cheatingonthetestweregiventhethird
degreebytheprinciple.=tobeinterrogated
by,Thethirddegreeisaeuphemismfor
torture
BASICTRANSLATIONPROBLEMS
Languageproblems:
Lexicalandstructuralambiguity;
Multiwordunits:idioms(e.g.Beating
aroundthebush;pieceofcake)and
collocations(e.g.strongtea,ceasefire
agreement;takealook);
Veryspecificculturalphenomenaand
realia(culturespecificmaterialthings;
e.g.fjord,ramadan,pagoda,county,
duma).
SOCIOCULTURALCHARACTER
OFTRANSLATION
Translatingtakesplaceinacultural
context,aspartofculturaltransferand
evolution.
Onceseenasasubbranchoflinguistics,
translationtodayisperceivedasan
interdisciplinaryfieldofstudyandthe
indissolubleconnectionbetweenlanguage
andlifehasbecomeafocalpointof
academicattention.
SOCIOCULTURALCHARACTEROF
TRANSLATION
Translating,whichinvolvestwo
languages,isunavoidably
influencedbytwocultures,the
sourceculture(SC)andthetarget
culture(TC).
YuriLotmanclaimsNolanguage
canexistunlessitissteepedinthe
contextofculture.
SOCIOCULTURALCHARACTER
OFTRANSLATION
Culturaldifferencesbetweenregionsofa
country,orbetweentimeperiodscanalso
actsignificantlyontheprocessof
translation.
Intraculturalfactorsoftenleadto
stylisticallyorevensemanticallydistinct
translationsofthesamesourcetext.
Themostinfluentialfactorsinthiscaseare
thestrategicorientationandperiodstyle
withintheTLculture.
TRANSLATIONTHEORYANDPRACTICE
Goodtheoryisbasedoninformationgained
frompractice.Goodpracticeisbasedon
carefullyworkedouttheory.Thetwoare
interdependent.(Larson)
Theoryandpracticeareindissolublylinked,
NOTinconflict.
TRANSLATIONTHEORYANDPRACTICE
Theoryandpracticemustbelinked
togetherinanytranslationexercisesimply
becauseonecontributessignificantlytothe
otherinthesensethattheoryoftranslation
makesstudentsoftranslationawareof
languagecomplexities;itgivesthema
senseofcreativityandintellect.
LINGUISTICANDAESTHETIC
ARGUMENTSINTRANSLATIONTHEORY
Theaestheticnormsofagivenculture
reflecthowpeoplethink.
Whatisbeautifultooneculturemaynotbe
especiallybeautifulormayevenappear
uglytoanother.
Sometimes,effortstopursuebeautyattract
anegativereaction(unintelligibliness,
ridiculousness).atranslationmayalsobe
sostylisticallyheavyastomake
comprehensionalmostimpossible.
LINGUISTICANDAESTHETIC
ARGUMENTSINTRANSLATION
THEORY
Linguistics/Textorientedtheories
takeintoaccounttheSLTandthe
wayanequivalentTLThasbeen
producedandconsiderittobeof
crucialimportancefordetermining
howthetranslationprocesshas
occurredandtowhatextentithas
beensuccessful.
LINGUISTICANDAESTHETIC
ARGUMENTSINTRANSLATIONTHEORY
Linguisticfactorsexertadirectand
crucialinfluenceupontheprocessof
translating.
Eachofthelinguisticfactors,
phonological,lexical,syntactic
andtextual,caninterferewith
translation.
POINTS
ANDBEPREPAREDTODISCUSS
THEM.
Isagraduateorapostgraduate
qualificationaprerequisiteforworking
asaprofessionaltranslatorinthe
RepublicofMoldova?
Ifsomeone(individual,company,etc.)
needsatranslation,howdotheygo
aboutobtainingit?