NUCLEUS

The NUCLEUS

Structure:
the largest organelle
in animal cells
two membranes,
phospholipid bilayer
with different type of
proteins
 The membrane fuse at
nuclear pores, through
which material moves
between the nucleus
and the cytosol.
communicates with the
surrounding cytosol via
nuclear pores.
 outer nuclear membrane is continuous with
rough ER. the space between inner and
outer nuclear membr is connected with the
lumen of the rough ER.
 The nucleus
Content of the nucleus : DNA .
The DNA is similar in every cell of the body, but
depending on the specific cell type, some genes
may be turned on or off
In a growing or differentiating cell, the nucleus
is metabolically active, replicating DNA and
synthesizing rRNA..
In the mature erythrocytes from non-mamalian
vertebrates and other types of resting cells, the
nucleus is inactive or dormant - minimal
synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Within the nucleus, mRNA binds to specific
proteins, forming ribonucleoprotein particles.
 The nucleolus
Subcompartment of nucleus. Not bounded by a
phospholipid membrane.
The place where most cells rRNA is synthezised -
produces ribosomes move out of the nucleus and
take positions on the rough ER.
The finished or partly finished ribosomal subunit as
well as tRNA and mRNA-containing particles, pass
through a nuclear pore into the cytosol for use in
protein synthesis.
 When a cell divide,
the nuclear chromatin
(DNA and surrounding
protein) condenses
into chromosomes
Eucaryotic nuclear DNA associate with
histon protein to form chromatin

During the interphase,

cells are not dividing, the
less tightly coiled DNA in
the chromosome exists as
a nucleoprotein complex
or chromatin.
 Under the electron
microscope look like
beads on a string. The
string composed of free
DNA (linker). DNA
connecting the beadlike
structures
(nucleosome).
Composed of DNA and
histonesprimary
structural unit of
chromatin.
 Chromatin
DNA within nucleus combines with protein
(histones) to form chromatin.
Thread-like material that makes up the
chromosomes.
Histone proteins are positively charged and form
spools around which the negatively charged DNA
strands wrap.
Euchromatin:
Active in genetic transcription.

Heterochromatin:
Contains genes that are permanently inactivated.
 How the nuclear DNA is
packed into chromosome?
eukaryotic chrom contains a
ssDNA molecule- packed into
nucleosomes- folded into a
30 nm chromation fiber--
attached to a specific protein
scaffold at specific sites.
Additional folding of the
scaffold compacts the
stucture into the highly
condensed form of
methaphase
chromosome.
 What is chromosome?
A component of nucleus- very important in
the mitosis and meiosis process.
Discovered by Waldayer
Gamet (sex cell) i.e ovum and
spermatozoa has half of amount of
chromosome (haploid) of somatic cell
diploid
 Structure of chromosome
Based on the location of centromere
Telosentric (termini)

Acrosentric (subtermini)

Submetasentric (like L)

Metasentric (like V)
Elements of Chromosome

Chromatid
Cromonema
Cromomer
Centromere
Primer Constriction
Kinetachor
 Chromatid
Each chromosome are divided into 2
chromatids that are bound to centromere
Cromonema
Spiral like form in the chromosome
Cromomer
A dense part of chromonema
Centromere
A second element responsible for the
attachment of the chromosome to the mitotic
spindle during M phase of the cell cycle.
 Primer Constriction
Kinetachor
Responsible for the segregation of the chromosome into
doughther cells in on cell division.
Secondary constriction
Satellite
Telomere (Required for the maintenance of chromosomal
structure is located at termini of the linier chromosome