Protection Application Sub-divided Systems

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Fault clearance system

Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
ABB Group - 2 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
How to enhance dependability of
fault clearance system
The addition of a second main protection
increases the availability and dependability of
fault clearance system

In addition the provision of back-up protection

that operates independently of specified
devices in the main protection system
enhances this further.
ABB Group - 3 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Subdivided Protection Systems -
Why
Single failure criteria

Remote back up

Local back-up
ABB Group - 4 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Different parts of fault clearance system
ABB Group - 5 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Subdivided Protection Systems - How
Different cores of Instrument transformers

Duplication of trip coils of CB

Redundant batteries

Physical separation as far as possible

ABB Group - 6 -

Cables laid in different cable ducts

15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Redundant protection systems
ABB Group - 7 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Group A and B on Group A and B
different panel on same panel
ABB Group - 8 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Interface relays between GrA and GrB
ABB Group - 9 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Exchange of information between the two
subsystems
Start and block of autoreclose

Start of breaker failure protection

Autoreclosure is normally not duplicated. Similarly

BFR is also normally not duplicated
ABB Group - 10 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Cabling
Different cable ladders in the same cable duct
Group A and Group B signals in different cables
ABB Group - 11 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Alarming and Testing
Correctly designed alarming and regular
testing of protection system will ensure
proper protection system
ABB Group - 12 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
General aspects on security and
dependability

Keep the circuits simple

Avoid extra equipment
Design shall be such that human mistakes
are avoided
ABB Group - 13 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Redundant battery system
ABB Group - 14 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Conclusions
Limit mixing of equipment from different
groups on the same panel
Standardise terminal numbering system
Avoid exchange of information between
subsystem
Keep design as simple as possible
ABB Group - 15 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Cost of disturbance
Costs associated with the risk of injury to people
and damage to third party property
Costs associated with the risk of damage to power
lines and other power apparatus
Costs associated with the customer outages
Costs associated with the voltage disturbances
Costs associated with the customers complaints
and ill will
ABB Group - 16 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
Cost of disturbance
The utilities should base the decisions for provision of
additional protection and back-up protection
considering the costs involved in terms of disturbances
leading towards uncleared faults.
ABB Group - 17 -
15-Sep-17
 CBIP manual on Protection
of Generators, generator Guide lines for
transformers and 220kV Protection System
and 400 kV networks
engineering
ABB Group - 18 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
1.0 GENERAL

Some broad guidelines for Engineering of Protection System

are given below and could be refined if felt necessary by the Utility
according to its specific needs and practices
ABB Group - 19 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.1 Gr.A and Gr. B Protection

Wherever two sets of DC sources are available, to obtain redundancy

and to be able to take protection out for maintenance, while equipment
in service, the relays are electrically and physically segregated into
two groups.

Interconnection between these two groups shall not be generally

attempted

Segregation of protections and trip circuits in two groups may be

considered by giving DC supplies through separate fuses
ABB Group - 20 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.2 DC Distribution

Since the availability of even the best engineered protection depends

upon the integrity of the DC auxiliary supply, considerable care has
to be given to the design of a system which will retain the reliability of
the protection system as a whole, under all conditions

Secondly from an operational point of view, it is essential that it is

possible to work on any part of the protection system with full security,
while not disturbing the rest of the protective system
ABB Group - 21 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.2.1

For 400kV stations there shall be two separate battery systems available
for protection, control and tripping / closing operations

For 220kV stations where only one set of battery source is available
segregation of protection and trip circuits in two groups may be
considered by giving DC supplies through separate fuses.
ABB Group - 22 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.2.2

Distribution of DC supply shall be done bay wise to feed the following

(a) Protection

(b) CB functions

(c) Isolator / earth switch functions

(d) Annunciation / Indications

(e) Monitoring functions

ABB Group - 23 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.2.3

(a) Protection Function:

For each group of protection, separate DC sources are recommended

(b) CB Functions

Trip coil 1 & 2 shall be fed from separate sources. Closing coil can be
from either of these two sources

(c) Isolator / Earth switch

These associated with any one circuit shall be fed from one of the two
DC sources

In the case of 1 & 1/2 CB arrangement, the Isolator/Earth switch associated

with the tie CB can be fed from either source 1 or 2
ABB Group - 24 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
(d) Annunciation & Indication

For each bay, these functions can be fed from either one of the two
sources. Each function shall be fed however through separate feeds.

(e) Monitoring Functions

These shall be grouped in 3 groups

(i) Disturbance Recorders

(ii) Fault Locators

(iii) Event Loggers

All the three groups shall be fed through separate feeds from either of
the two sources
ABB Group - 25 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
2.3 Cabling

It is recommended that:

(i) Separate cables are used for AC & DC circuit

(ii) Separate cables are used for DC 1 & DC 2 circuits

(iii) For different cores of CT & CVT separate cables shall be used
ABB Group - 26 -
15-Sep-17
 CBIP manual on Reliable
fault Clearance and Back- DC supply systems
UP Protection for EHV
and UHV Transmission
Network
ABB Group - 27 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
DC supply system
Generally the use of redundant protection system is
done on high voltage substations of 220kV and
above. In substations where redundant protection
schemes, each powered by independent auxiliary
power supply are to be provided, duplication of DC
supply system is recommended. Therefore it is
recommended to provide duplicate DC supply
system including battery, battery charger and DC
infeeds and duplicated AC supply to chargers at all
765kV, 400kV and 220kV substations. This
arrangement rules out common mode failures.
ABB Group - 28 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
DC supply system
At 132 kV sub-stations including the ones in a power
plant duplication of DC supply system should be
done for stations where redundant protection
schemes each powered by separate independent
auxiliary power supply is planned. Otherwise single
DC supply system with redundant chargers shall be
provided.
ABB Group - 29 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
DC supply system

DC distribution shall be done by providing DC

feeders that are protected by fuses or MCBs.
Reference may be made to CBIP Manual No 274
Protection of Generators, Transformers and 220kV
and 400kV Networks which gives details of current
practices followed for DC distribution arrangements
with two battery system. DC distribution arrangement
in case of single battery system can also be on
similar lines
ABB Group - 30 -
15-Sep-17
 Sub-divided Systems
DC supply system
Even though reliability of fuses is high, availability of
the right fuse element when replacement is required
could be a problem and for this reason use of
miniature circuit breakers of adequate breaking
capacity instead of fuses is recommended.
ABB Group - 31 -
15-Sep-17
 ABB Group - 32 -
15-Sep-17
Sub-divided Systems