Chapter 7 Respiration

7.1 Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Penghasilan Tenaga Dalam Respirasi Aerob

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 Learning Outcomes:
state that all living processes require energy,
identify the main substrate for producing energy,
state the two types of respiration,
explain what cell respiration is,
explain the energy production from glucose during the
process of aerobic respiration,
state the conditions leading to anaerobic respiration in cells,
explain the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast,
explain the process of anaerobic respiration in human
muscles,
write the chemical equations for aerobic and anaerobic
respiration,
compare and contrast aerobic respiration with anaerobic
respiration.
 What Is Respiration
Meaning:
Biochemical reactions carried out in living
cells that results in the release of
ENERGY from organic substances such
as glucose
The uses of energy??
a) Anabolism (Synthesis of macromolecules from simple
molecules).
b) Production of enzymes and hormones.
c) Active transport of substances.
d) Muscle contraction
e) Transmission of nerve impulses.
f) Maintaining body temperature.
 Chapter 7 Respiration
Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Function of Energy
Release From
Respiration

Transmission
Contraction Active
of nerve Cell division
of muscle transport
impulses

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 Two Main Stages

External Respiration Internal Respiration

Process in which oxygen

Process of the
is transferred from the
breakdown of organic
surrounding air or water
molecules such as
into the cells of the body
glucose, resulting in the
and carbon dioxide is
release of energy,
transferred from the cells
carbon dioxide and
to the surrounding air or
water in living cells.
water.
The process also known
Gaseous exchange
as cellular respiration.
occurs in the respiratory
organ

Aerobic Anaerobic
respiration respiration

requires

C6H12O6
glucose
 Chapter 7 Respiration
Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Energy Production in Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration- Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 kJ

Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Energy
Energy released is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from
adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

ADP + phosphate + energy ATP

ATP acts as a major energy carrier in cells.

ATP composed of phosphate bonds which can be easily broken down to

release energy.
energy released
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles

Anaerobic respiration is a process in which the cells continue to

generate ATP without using oxygen.

Anaerobic C6H12O6 2C3H6O3+ 150kJ

respiration Glucose lactic acid energy

Vigorous
Oxygen debt in
physical
muscle
activity Amount of O2 needed
to remove lactic acid

Muscle return Fast and deep

to normal breathing

Lactic acid + oxygen

Carbon dioxide+ water
+energy

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration In Yeast

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

Produce ethanol

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+210 kJ

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 Comparison Between Aerobic Respiration
And Anaerobic Respiration

Forms of cellular respiration that produce energy.

Glucose is the respiratory substrate.
Enzymes are required to catalyse the reactions.
Aerobic respiration Differences Anaerobic respiration

Required Oxygen Not required

Cytoplasm, mitochondria Location where reactions Only in the cytoplasm

occur in the cells
Complete oxidation Oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation

CO2, water, energy End products Ethanol, CO2, energy,

Lactic acid
38 Number of ATP molecules 2
produced (from one
glucose molecule)
Human body Example Yeast fermentation
 Chapter 7 Respiration

7.2 The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In

Humans And Animals
Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Dalam
Manusia dan Haiwan

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 Learning Outcomes:
state the respiratory structures in human and some animals,
make an inference on the various adaptations of the
respiratory structures,
describe the characteristics of respiratory surfaces in human
and other organisms,
describe the breathing mechanism in human and other
organisms,
compare and contrast the human respiratory system with
that of other organisms.
 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals

Three Common
Characteristic
Of The
Respiratory
Structure In
Organisms

Has a large surface Moist respiratory

area surface

Respiratory surface has

thin wall

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals

The Respiratory Structure And Breathing Mechanism Of Insects

Tracheole
- Provides surface Air sacs
area for the diffusion - Speed up the
of gases movement of gases
- Moist and thin
surface Spiracles
- Have valve which
allow air to go in and
Tracheae go out
- Made up of air tubes
spiracle
trachea oxygen
During inhalation tracheole During exhalation
-Abdominal muscles - Abdominal muscles
relax Carbon contract
-Spiracles are open dioxide -Pressure in tracheae
-Pressure in tracheae increases
decrease -Air move out from
-Air move into body of body of insects
insect muscle

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals

The Respiratory Structure And Breathing Mechanism Of Fish

oxygen Respiratory structure of fish is gills.

dissolved in gill arch
water gill
filaments Each gill is composed of filament which
is supported by a gill arch.

buccal
Filaments have lamellae to increase the
cavity
surface area for gaseous exchange.
deoxygenated
blood
network of Gills filaments have network of blood
blood capillaries to assist efficient exchange of
capillaries gaseous.
oxygenated
blood
Counter current exchange mechanism
maximises oxygen transfer.
water flow lamella

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals

The Respiratory Structure Of Amphibians

nostril
bucco-pharyngeal cavity
glottis
lung

lung

Characteristic
Of The Lungs Of
Folded A Frog Thin membrane

Moist Have a vast network

of blood capillaries

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals

The Breathing Mechanism Of Amphibians

Nostrils open to let more

air going into buccal cavity

Nostrils
Glottis closes
open

The bucco-
Air flows
pharyngeal
out from
floor is
the lungs
lowered

Lung muscles
contract to expel Nostrils close Air is drawn
the air from the into bucco-
lungs pharyngeal

The bucco
pharyngeal floor The lungs expand and
is raised gaseous exchange occurs

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals
The Respiratory Structure And
Breathing Mechanism Of
Humans

Inhalation Exhalation
Air is taken into the lungs Air is pushed out of the lungs.

Inhalation Exhalation

Exhaled air is
Trachea pushed out to
Carries air into the trachea
Air moves
the lungs out Trachea Ribs Rib
Lungs
expand cage moves
Ribs-
downwards
Rib cage Rib as the
moves
upwards Intercostal external
Diaphragm intercostal
as the muscle
Contracts, Diaphragm external Lungs- muscles
moves Shrink relax
intercostal
downward muscles
and flattens relax Diaphragm
relaxes and
moves up

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 Chapter 7 Respiration

7.3 Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And

Transport Of Gases In Humans

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans

Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory

Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans

Partial pressure of
Partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
oxygen
Lower partial pressure of
Higher partial pressure of
CO2 in alveolus and
O2 in alveolus and lower
higher partial pressure of
partial pressure of O2 in
CO2 in blood capillary
blood capillary cause O2
cause CO2 to diffuse into
to diffuse into blood cells.
alveolus.

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans

The Transport Of Respiratory Gases

In Human

The Transport Of Oxygen

Oxygen is transported away by haemoglobin

In the lungs High partial

Haemoglobin + Oxygen pressure of O2
Oxyhaemoglobin

In the body Low partial

Oxyhaemoglobin pressure of O2
Haemoglobin+Oxygen
cells

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans

The Transport Of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide can be transported in

three ways:

Bicarbonate ions Carbaminohaemoglobin Dissolved carbon

(HCO3-) dioxide

70% 23% 7%

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 Chapter 7 Respiration

7.4 The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration

Relationship Between The Rate Of

Respiration And The O2 And CO2
Content

Rate of
respiration O2 content
increases decrease,
CO2 increase

Vigorous Breathing rate Ventilation rate

exercise increase increased

Lung is filled
with more O2
Rate of each breath
respiration Heartbeat rate
decreases increase
(Normal)
More O2 and glucose is
CO2 is removed supplied for respiration
from cells of cellular cells

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration

The Regulatory Mechanism Of Oxygen And

Carbon Dioxide Contents In The Body

Chemoreceptor in carotid bodies and aortic

1 bodies are stimulated when:
Cerebrum
Concentration of O2 decreases
Cerebellum
Concentration of CO2 increases
Blood pH changes Medula
oblongata

2 Nerve impulses are sent to medulla oblongata Intercostal

3 Information are analysed and impulses are sent

to intercostals muscles and diaphragm

diaphragm
4 More O2 is absorbed and more CO2 is excreted.

5 Rate of heartbeat also increases to pump the

blood to body cells

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 Chapter 7 Respiration

7.5 The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy Respiratory

System

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy Respiratory System

The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy

Respiratory System

cause

Contains toxic gases,

Lung cancer
tar and nicotine

Healthy lung

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 Chapter 7 Respiration

7.6 Respiration In Plants

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Respiration In Plants

The Intake Of Oxygen By Plants For

Respiration

Curved guard cells straight guard cells

Wide-open Closed
stoma stoma
Epidermis
cell

An open stoma. The stomata of A closed stoma. The stomata of a

plants are normally open during the plant may be close on a hot day to
day to allow the exchange of carbon reduce the loss of water.
dioxide and oxygen.

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Respiration In Plants

The Relationship Between

Respiration And Photosynthesis

Respiration Photosynthesis

Light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 6CO2+12H2O
Chlorophyll
+ Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Carbon dioxide in respiration is used rapidly in photosynthesis process

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 Chapter 7 Respiration
Respiration In Plants

Compensation Point

Is when all carbon dioxide produced during respiration is

reused during photosynthesis.

Rate of CO2 produced = Rate of CO2 consumed

(respiration) (photosynthesis)

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