Unit one

1
 What is a system?
What is an example of a non-living system?
How does a malfunction in one part affect the
whole system?
Give a few examples of how human body systems
work together.
Name the eleven human body systems

2
 Integumentary system,
Skeletal system,
Muscular system,
Nervous system,
Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system,
Lymphatic system and immunity,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system,
Reproductive system

3
 By donating one pint of blood
4 lives can be saved
The human heart beats roughly
35 million times a year
It is not possible to tickle yourself
your brain warns the rest of the
body and by doing so your brain will
ignore this sensation
4
 Get with your Manikin partner
Students will randomly draw your system
Your group assignment is to focus on and
find Amazing Facts about those systems
Follow your Activity directions

5
 Activity 1.1.1. Amazing Facts

List the major organs in your systems on your body

organizer
Discuss top five Amazing Facts for each system

Think about how your Primary System can act like a

Secondary System
Create your Presentation to present to the class.
Post to your Web Portfolio (Instruction for creating Web
Portfolio is on the Weebly)
In what ways do the parts of the human body
system work together to carry out a specific
function?

In what ways do different human body

systems work together to complete specific
functions?
 Where ??

How do you give someone directions?

How do you explain location or directions on

the human body?
 Equipment
Manikins
Post-it Flags
Colored Pencils

Documents
Activity 1.1.2
Adoption Certificates
Body Organizer
 Assemble Manikin
Name your Manikin-place your manikins
name on the base with masking tape
Complete Adoption Certificates
Place a family photo of the 3 of you on your
WebPortfoio
Always store manikins in there proper place
All Manikins look the same now but will soon
take on their own personalities.
10
 Pair Up with your Manikin Partner
Brainstorm
Complete Activity 1.1.2
3. How can directional terms and regional
terms help describe location in the body?

4. What features of structure and function are

common to all humans?
 The basic processes of the human
body unites us as humans, but it is
the tiny differences in our
appearance
tissues
cells
genetic make up
which make us truly unique
15
 Manikins
Clay &Clay tools
Colored Pencils
Microscope
Tissue Slides
Body System Organizer -Skeletal View
Activity 1.2.1
Microscope Resource Sheet
Inspiration
For windows, go to this link,
http://download.inspiration.com/download/windo
ws/inspiration9_win_cd.exe

For Macintosh go to this link,

http://download.inspiration.com/download/mac/ins
piration9_mac_cd.dmg

14-digit subscription license: 2633D1237J9601

 Systems (What makes up systems)
Organs (What makes up Organs)
Tissues
 When you think of human identity, what
comes to mind
At the beginning of the week we discussed
systems and organ structures that are
common to all humans.
Over the year we will be looking at
processes that occur in all of our bodies.
But what makes us special?
 Tissues
are groups of cells that are similar in structure
that work together to perform a specific
function.
There are four main tissue types:
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue
 Epithelium or epithelial tissue,
forms the linings, coverings, and glandular tissue
of the body.
One type of epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin
Another type of epithelium lines the air sacs of the lungs
Cells in epithelium are packed tightly
together to form continuous sheets
 Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds
together other body tissues.
Connective tissue is made up of different types of
cells in varying amounts of a nonliving substance
around the cells, called the matrix.
Examples of connective tissue include:
Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue (fat)
Blood??? Really, how
 Muscle tissue is specialized to contract and
cause movement.
There are three main types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Give Examples of the location and function of
each muscle type?
 Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells
called neurons that receive and send electrical
signals in the body.
Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits
impulses and together with supporting cells, makes
up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
1. What are the main types of tissue in the human
body?

2. How does the structure of a type of human tissue

relate to its function in the body?
 Pair up
Complete Part 1 only
Concept Map
View prepared slides
Link for more slide views
http://histology.osumc.edu/histology/Hum
anHisto/index.htm#
 Facial features

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_HaJT7
OVIQ&feature=player_detailpage
 Complete through question 15

Discuss proper use of clay and tools and

Manikin Rules

Lets create a face-

Using Teacher Building Instructions

Compare Manikins
 Adipose tissue- Connective tissue in which fat is stored and
which has the cells distended by droplets of fat

Connective Tissue- Animal tissue that functions mainly to

bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of
cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

Epithelial Tissue- Sheets of tightly packed cells that line

organs and body cavities

Tissue- An integrated group of cells with a common

structure and function
3. How does the distribution and structure of
different types of tissue in the body
contribute to personal identity.

4. What are the functions of the human

skeletal system?
 Remember bones are a type connective tissue

What do you know about the skeletal system

Name this bone

 Computer with internet
Anatomy in Clay Maniken
Body System graphic Organizer (Skeletal
View)
Colored pencils

32
 Research the listed bones

Label you Manikins

Quiz yourself/partner
What are the functions of the human skeletal
system?
Support the body
Works with muscles for movement
Protects internal organs
BUT also
Tell a story about age, gender, height, ethnicity

What are the main bones of the human skeletal

system for Identity
 Read the Introduction
Review Learning from Bones
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/education/anth
ropological/index.html . Located on your activity.
Develop Career Journal- Forensic Anthropologist
Forensic Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cogeHybySI&featur
e=player_detailpage Female anthropologist
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8IHPq9VgWI&featu
re=player_detailpage shows bone age clues
 We will determine proximal age, height, gender and race of our
victims.
Race and Ethnicity broken into 3 race models

Mongoloid (Asian) is an anthropological term for a group that

includes Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Tibetan, Eskimo and some
Native Americans.

Negroid (Black) is a classification including Sub-Saharan African

and Afro-Caribbean peoples and their descendants.

Caucasoid (White) refers to people of Anglo or Caucasian

descent from Europe, parts of North Africa, Western Asia and
India and their descendants. 36
 Each group will use the laminated instruction sheets to take
measurements of the bone at each station
Split into three teams- Each team will need a copy of Project
1.2.3 Student Data Sheet
You will determine the
Age Race
Sex Height

2 students at each station to gather measurements of:

Skull Femur
Pelvis Humerus
Tibia
6. What is forensic anthropology and how does
the field relate to human body systems?

7. How can features of bone be used to

determine information about a persons
gender, ethnicity, age, or stature?
 forensic anthropologist, Diane France
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcnGybzF
hjM watch 10min50sec then again at 34min
 Work in your group come to consensus of traits and
measurements
Determine as much as you can about the person. Discuss
findings with your group
Once gender and ethnicity are decided, use the equations
to estimate height.
If there is disagreement you may need to go back to
specific bones and re-measure
Once consensus- you will develop a formal cast report
40
 Introduction:
Provide a brief case description.
Items you may want to include
Your team. A group of 6 highly trained and
experienced forensic anthropologist
Bones your were presented with
Where bones were found
Tools used, guidelines followed
Steps taken to identify individual
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 Provide evidence and support for your findings.
NOTE: do not list every measurement or
observation as evidence. You may want to
make a table of your findings
Think about your analysis as a whole and
describe how combined data led you to a
conclusion.
Discuss any inconsistencies in the data and
address the limitations of these methods in
determining identity
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8/16/2013 43
 Read the FBI file on facial reconstruction
Discuss how the technique of facial
reconstruction could be used in this case.
Research and report on at least two other
tests/types of analysis that can be completed
using the bone samples.
What can be learned from these tests?
How can this information be used to identify the
missing?
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 Sum up the case findings
Provide clear concise and logical conclusion
Add recommendations for the next steps of the
investigation in paragraphs form
Mention the type of data used

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 What Type of Data did you use?

8/16/2013 46
 What is the differences between
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Quantitative research generates
numerical data or information that can
be converted into numbers.
Qualitative = Research that generates
non-numerical data such as opinion's,
like smoothness, appearances
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 Now that the bones have told us a bit about our
missing person, what can we use to further our
investigation to make a final identification?
Cells
DNA.

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 Axial Skeleton- The skeleton of the trunk and head.
Appendicular Skeleton- Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that
are attached to the axial skeleton
Femur- The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the
longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip
to the knee
Forensic Anthropology- The branch of physical anthropology in
which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to
determine the sex, age, genetic population, or ancestry of skeletal
or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law
Humerus-The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb
extending from the shoulder to the elbow

49
 Pelvis-A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many
vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the
sacrum and often various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that
in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each
side and in front while the sacrum and coccyx complete it behind
Skull- The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses
and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the
jaws
Tibia- The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg
between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur
and below with the talus -- called also shinbone

50
In the 1950s Dr. Mildred Trotter developed
mathematical formulas that correlated body height to
the length of ones extremities.

To Complete Parts I - Pair into groups of 2

You will measure your height in cm and then the femur,
humerus, and radius bones in cm to calculate your height.
Like in criminal investigations an estimated range of
height is given. Like 59 to 62
Use the + and formulas to get your error value for
minimal and maximal height range.
51
 Part II You will use a formula specific to Gender
and Ethnicity.

Part III Use an Excel file you will develop Your

Own Formula. Follow Instructions provided
under the Resource Tab

Then Answer How well do these equations

work? What equation was most accurate?
52
 Revisited
3. How does the distribution and structure of
different types of tissue in the body contribute
to personal identity.

53
 Agarose
A polysaccharide obtained from seaweed that is used as
the supporting medium in gel electrophoresis.
Biometrics
The measurement and analysis of unique physical or
behavioral characteristics (as fingerprint or voice patterns)
especially as a means of verifying personal identity.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable
of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a
cells proteins.

54
 Gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of
their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of
movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Restriction enzyme
A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide
sequences and cuts up DNA.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Differences in DNA sequence on homologous
chromosomes that can result in different patterns of
restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting
from treatment with restriction enzymes).

55
 You have identified the bones you were presented to
sex, age, race, ethnicity.
DNA inside the bone holds the KEY to true identity

2 families have just come forward to inform the

department that the information you provided has
opened the case of their loved one.

The families want to provide DNA from their loved

one to be analyzed against the DNA of the bones
found and identified in your report.
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 Approximately 1cc of the DNA sample was taken from
Skeletal remains and labeled
The pieces were stored in EtOH and frozen -20C
Samples were transported to OCTC in
refrigerated containers for genetic analysis

57
 you will use restriction enzymes to allow
us to visualize differences in the DNA.
Like molecular scissors they cut the DNA
in each sample,
gel electrophoresis is then used to analyze
the pattern of bands that are left behind.
DNA work takes care and precision.
Work carefully to identify these individuals
and finally give their families some peace.
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 Name sources of DNA evidence
Skin cells
Hair
Blood
Semen
Old tissue such as bone but amplified
using Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) 59
 What level of organization comes below tissues.
CELLS
Now- Figuratively zoom in on the cell and
describe the genetic material found inside the
cell.
Chromosome
Gene
Protein
DNA
60
 23 pairs considered the
building blocks of the human
body.
long pieces of DNA found in
the center (nucleus) of cells.
function based on the
precise structure of the
organelle that carries out that
function.

61
 A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that
occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines
a particular characteristic in an organism.
the functional unit of heredity, passed from parent to offspring
through mitosis.
pieces of DNA, that contain the information for making a
specific protein and thus cells

8/16/2013 62
 constructed from 20 amino acids, like
long necklaces with different shaped
beads.
To become active, proteins must twist
and fold into their final conformation
Those in donut shaped form a
complete ring around the DNA to
regulate the activity of genetic
material.
This DNA polymerase III cinches
around DNA and moves along the
strands as it copies the genetic
material.
63
 DNA is like an
architect's
blueprint.
Think of it as an
Owner's Manual
for your body. May want to remember: DNA is
made of 2 components, Phosphate
molecules and deoxyribose sugars.
64
 unique code of over 3 billion base pairs
only 1/10 of 1% differs from person to
person
provide a genetic blueprint of an
individual.
Function is coding for proteins
holds the instructions for development &
reproduction its survival
transfers genetic messages to all other cells
in the body 65
 Practice filling each well
Wear Gloves throughout
Dont contaminate with
your DNA
Dont poke holes in gel
Dont create air bubbles
Keep the plunger depressed
until after you have raised
the micropipettor away
from the gel
66
taking up too much sample with the
micropipettor,
taking up air in addition to the sample,
not completely expelling the sample,
sucking the sample out of the well once
placed,
poking the pipette tip through the
bottom of the gel well.
67
 Set fake gel into casting trey
Secure casting trey into chamber well- line up
the notch
Pour water into chamber until it fills BOTH ends
and covers gel completely
Micropipette
Secure tip until click
Set measurement and pick-up 20-35 uL of practice
loading dye
Dont push plunger all the way down on Pipette
Stop at 1st stop
68
 1. Obtain 4 micro-centrifuge tubes
2. Label tubes 1-4 with some way to ID them later.
Very Important: Note the content of each tube in
your lab journal. You will need to know what is in
each tube. Dont get them mixed up!!!
3 Dispense DNA and Enzymes into 4 tubes as
instructed in activity.
4. Incubate in 37 water bath X 45 to 60 min.
5. Begin Student Resource Sheet.
69
1. What is the structure and function of
DNA

2. How does DNA differ from person to

person

3. What role does DNA play in our

Identity
70
 Place a new tip on the micropipettor, being careful to not
touch the tip to any surface.
Depress the plunger to the first stop and hold it in this
position.
Dip the tip of the micropipettor into the top of the solution
to be transferred.
Gradually release the plunger and draw the fluid into the tip,
making sure to keep the tip in the solution.
Slide the pipet tip out along the inside wall of the reagent
tube to dislodge any excess droplets adhering to the outside
of the tip.
Check to make sure there are no air bubbles in the sample in
the tip. If there are air bubbles, expel the sample using the
directions below and restart procedure.
71
 Insert the tip of the micropipettor into the area in
which you want to expel the liquid.
Slowly depress the plunger to the first stop to expel
the sample and continue to depress the plunger to the
second stop to ensure all of the liquid is expelled.
Hold the plunger in the depressed position.
Slide the micropipettor out with the plunger
depressed. Do not release the plunger from the
depressed position to avoid sucking any liquid back
into the tip.
Once the tip is out of the liquid, release the plunger.
Eject the tip into the proper disposal area by pressing
down on the tip-ejector button
72
 A Biochemical technique used to amplify the number of
copies of a specific region of DNA generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in order to be
adequately tested.
Named after the enzyme, polymerase, which copies DNA in
cells.
Its a chain reaction because multiple events occur in
succession, over and over again in the
same sequential order.
Each time the series of events is
completed, one cycle has been
completed.
 Some of the uses of PCR:
Cloning
Diagnosis of hereditary diseases
Paternity testing
Diagnosis of infectious diseases
Forensic sciences

74
A

Polymorphism =
Difference in length of
Restriction fragments
Enzymes

Restriction Enzymes are derived from

bacteria with the ability to cut DNA from
invading organisms such as a viruses,
before the virus takes control of the cell
1. DNA is obtained from
the skeletal remain
2. Gene is amplified by PCR
3. DNA is cut in specific
places by the use of
restriction enzymes.
4. The restriction enzyme
recognizes specific Restriction enzymes
nucleotide sequences are derived from
and cuts DNA Bacteria
 The process where DNA can is separated according to
size and electrical charge by applying an electric
current to them.
The current forces the molecules through pores in a thin
layer of gel.
DNA is negatively charged so it runs toward the
positive pole
 To visualize the DNA
fragments and sort them
according to size
DNA samples are loaded
into a gel and exposed to
electrical currents
Fragments run through the gel
at different rates
smaller = faster

78
 Activity 1.3.1.

Student Response Sheet

Student read Introduction

79
 Gloves throughout Lab
Power source
Chamber & casting trey
Agarose gel with wells
TAE Buffer
Distilled H20
Micropipette and tips
Dye
Light box
DNA Samples
80
 1. Obtain your 4 tubes
2. Heat samples plus the DNA marker and DNA
extracted from bone for 2 min at 65 degrees C
3. While cooling practice loading gels
4. Draw diagram in lab journal Clearly indicating
which sample is in each well.

81
Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4 Lane 5 Lane 6 Lane 7
Standard DNA from DNA Missing Missing Missing Missing
DNA Bone cut w from person 1 person 1 person person
Marker Enzyme 1 bone cut w w 2/Enzyme 2/Enzyme
w Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 1 2
Enzyme 2

82
1. Place gel in tray, and tray
in chamber.
2. Be sure the wells are at
the negative end of the
gel and the tray is secure
in the notch
3. Fill with TAE Buffer, cover
gel completely
4. Fill the wells with the
corresponding sample
5. Copy table in notes!!!!
83
 Be sure the voltage is set at 150 and the timer is
set for 15 minutes
Check polarity! Be sure the DNA sample is at top
of the negative pole (black) and will run down
toward the positive
Alarm will sound after 15 minutescheck back
every 2-5 min if incomplete
Turn off the power supply when the dye is near
the bottom edge of the gel
Be careful to not allow the dye to run off the edge
of the gel
84
 If the polarity is backwards, the DNA will
migrate out of the well and off the short end
of the gel. If the mistake is caught in time, the
polarity can be reversed and the DNA will
migrate back into the well and then through
the longer portion of the gel.

85
 The DNA
fragments are
then stained with
a dye and can be
observed as lines
or bands in the
gel when view on
a light box.
86
 Often the DNA fragment
bands can be observed
directly after
electrophoresis without
further treatment. If the
bands are faint or appear
to be missing, the gel can
be soaked in the diluted
Carolina Blue dye for 30
minutes and then washed
with distilled water
87


8/16/2013 88
Dont Go Past Here

89
 You will actually find that the gel results show
that both of the missing persons match the
DNA fingerprint of the DNA from bone
digested with Enzyme 1
NOTE that Lane D and F are the same ad B.
(see the example gel picture below).
If you only cut with 1 enzyme you may come
up with incorrect data.

90
 You will have to look to the results for Enzyme 2
to make their final conclusions regarding identity.
Gel results show that when using a second
restriction enzyme on the same DNA, only one
Restriction Fragment Length matches that from
the bone sample.

91
4. How can tools of molecular biology be
used to compare the DNA of 2
individuals?

5. What are restriction enzymes?

6. What are restriction fragment length

polymorphisms?

92
 Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/lab/gel

DNA Interactive: Gel Electrophoresis

http:www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.ht
ml?id=1014

93
8/16/2013 94
7. What is gel electrophoresis and how
can the results of this technique be
interpreted?

96
 Analyze the DNA
Discuss results and conclusions
Conclusion Questions

97
 Introduces Activity 1.3.2 Careers in Identity.
Career Journal for Forensic Anthropologist

Distribute the Biomedical Sciences

Documentation Protocol and review
documentation of their sources.

Distribute Rubric and go over grading

Students complete Activity 1.3.2 individually.

98
 Gives your work credibility
Allows reader to look up sources to obtain
more information
Citation gives credit to original author.
Source is documented in 2 places in APA
style.
1st, In the text and 2nd at the end of
document in the reference list.

99
 In this project you will be a team of 3 to design a
security plan using biometrics for your new
Client. Using:
Power Point Presentation
Oral Presentation
Answering any questions
Convince you client to buy

Brain storm: What body systems are involved in

Biometric Techniques.
100
8. How can the field of biometrics be used to
verify and protect identity?

101
 Discuss Ethical Issues in biometrics and the
use of biology in identity.

Discuss how DNA can be used in biometrics.

Debate how close we are to Identifying

people in an instant using DNA sample.

102