THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Prof. Arnel A. Diego Ph.D. (cand)

1. Children in this stage will outwardly show a strong desire to associate exclusively
with same-sex peers.

A. Genital
B. Anal
C. Oral
D. Latency
A. Genital - is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and begins in
puberty. During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made associations with one gender
or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual contact with others.
B. Anal - According to psychoanalysis, the second social and sexual stage of an infant's
development (after the oral stage ), in which the infant learns to control bowel movements.
Freudian psychology maintains that children gain pleasure from both passing and withholding their
feces.
C. Oral - is the initial stage of development. According to Freud, this is when infants will be
found putting anything into their mouth including their thumbs.
D. Latency - is the fourth stage in Freud's Psychosexual theory of development, and it occurs
from about age 5 or 6 to puberty. During the latency stage, a child's sexual impulses are repressed.
CHILDREN INTERACT AND PLAY MOSTLY WITH SAME SEX PEERS
2. According to Jung, all of the following are major systems of the psyche except

A. Personal unconscious
B. Ego
C. Collective unconscious
D. Libido
A. Personal unconscious - is a term that is used in Carl Jung's theories of analytical
psychology. It refers to all information that is present within an individual's mind, but not
readily available to conscious recall, i.e. memories that have been forgotten or repressed.

B. Ego - is the psychological component of the personality that is represented by our

conscious decision-making process.

C. Collective unconscious -refers to the part of the human psyche that contains information
that has been inherited from our ancestors and is commonly shared among all humans. The
concept of the collective unconscious was first developed by Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.

D. Libido - is a term used by in psychoanalytic theory to describe the energy

created by the survival and sexual instincts. According to Sigmund Freud, the
libido is part of the id and is the driving force of all behavior.
3. Refers to the fact that our response to unfamiliar situation is determined by its
degree of similarity to a familiar situation.
A. Response by analogy
B. Associative Shifting
C. Law of Effect
D. Law of Readiness
A. Response by analogy - are often used as a means of describing a new object or
concept by comparing it to something that is more familiar.
B. Associative Shifting - refers to a Thorndikean concept that describes a process whereby a
response is gradually shifted to a situation entirely different from that in which it was learned.
One way of doing this is to change the initial stimulus very gradually, a process called fading.
C. Law of Effect - principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that responses closely
followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and, therefore, more
likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated.
D. Law of Readiness - A law which states that learning is dependent upon the learner's
readiness to act, which facilitates the strengthening of the bond between stimulus and
response.
4. Which theorist focused on the importance of the self-concept in personality?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Alfred Adler
C. Walter Mischel
D. Hans Eysenck
A. Carl Rogers THE NOTION OF SELF CONCEPT. This is defined as the
organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.

B. Alfred Adler CHOICE AND RESPONSIBILITY. INDIVIDUAL STRIVE FOR

SUCCESS

C. Walter Mischel is an American psychologist who is best known for his groundbreaking
study on delayed gratification known as the marshmallow test.

D. Hans Eysenck -Eysenck's theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although
he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers
personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore,
primarily interested in what is usually called temperament.
5. May defined anxiety as:

A. A feeling of separation from the natural world.

B. An awareness that our existence or some value identified with it
may be destroyed.
C. The imaginative playing with the possibility of some act or state occurring.
D. A fear of nonbeing and an attraction to nothingess or death.
A. A feeling of separation from the natural world.
B. An awareness that our existence or some value identified with it may be destroyed.
C. The imaginative playing with the possibility of some act or state occurring.
D. A fear of nonbeing and an attraction to nothingess or death.

May was really interested in the human anxiety and guilt; he rejected Freud's interpretation of anxiety as the result from
conflict that is between a person's biological needs and the demands of society. May felt that Freud's analyzed was too
biological and compartmentalized and Freud's anxiety viewed his results from the conflict of the id, ego, and superego, but
May approved on Kierkegaard's existential definition instead because Kierkegaard theory of human freedom and anxiety
went hand and hand.

Normal anxiety is when a person experience the attempt to expand one's conscious or when the new values is
displaced with the old ones due to changes in the person circumstances and it is an integral of a healthy
growth, May's theory consists that all growth of anxiety is the creation of surrender past values.

Neurotic anxiety is when a person hasn't met their normal anxiety on the time of the actual crisis in their
growth and the threat to their values, which the neurotic anxiety ends in the result of the previous
unmet normal anxiety . In my understanding of May's theory on normal anxiety and neurotic anxiety, one is when the
person is having a problem, but not major and the problem can be solve. Example, when it is time to write a paper my
normal anxiety kicks in and I start feeling shortness of breathe and then I can't concentrate on what I am doing and then I
have to walk away for a little while to relax. Neurotic anxiety is when a person have problems and can't control their feeling
and start to think that life is not going to get better for them, they start to become depress, feeling lonely and don't what to
do anything with their lives, but it all depends on the circumstances the person is going through.
6. Contents of the personal unconscious are called:

A. Archetypes
B. Complexes
C. Ego
D. Consciousness
A. Archetypes -were a concept introduced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung,
who believed that archetypes were models of people, behaviors, or personalities.
B. Complexes - is a related group of emotionally significant ideas that
are completely or partly repressed and that cause psychic conflict leading
to abnormal mental states or behavior.
C. Ego - is the psychological component of the personality that is represented by
our conscious decision-making process.
D. Consciousness - refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts,
memories, feelings, sensations, and environment.Your conscious experiences are
constantly shifting and changing.
7. Psychologist who believed that the most fundamental human motive is striving for
superiority.
A. Carl Rogers
B. Carl Jung
C. Karen Horney
D. Alfred Adler
A. Carl Rogers - was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of
Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides
them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional
positive regard), and empathy.
B. Carl Jung - is best known as the founder of Analytic Psychology, also known as Jungian
Psychology. This school of psychology shares similarities with Freud's psychoanalytic method in
the emphasis it places on the role of the unconscious.
C. Karen Horney -is known for developing Feminine Psychology. Her work has influenced
how psychology views gender differences. Horney disagreed with Sigmund Freud's view of
women, and countered his idea of penis envy, which refers to a girl's reaction upon realizing that
she is different from boys, with her own idea of womb envy.
D. Adler to apply the concept of superiority striving to the understanding of human being. He saw
the goal of success as drawing the individual forward toward mastery and the overcoming of
obstacles. He observed that, for socially-interested individuals, the goal of superiority is on the
useful side of life and contributes to the developing human community
D. Alfred Adler - was a physician, psychotherapist, and the founder of Adlerian
psychology, sometimes called individual psychology. He is considered the first
community psychologist, because his work pioneered attention to community life,
prevention, and population health.
8. According to Skinner, human behavior is shaped by
A. Drives which have been learned.
B. Living in society
C. The contingencies of survival
D. Reproduction.
A. Drives which have been learned.
B. Living in society
C. The contingencies of survival - Natural Selection
As a species, our behavior is shaped by the contingencies of survival; that
is, those behaviors (e.g., sex and aggression) that were beneficial to the
human species tended to survive, whereas those that did not tended to
drop out.
D. Reproduction.
9. When he was young, Gregs father was consistently promoted at work for his
diligence. Greg saw this and learned to be a conscientious worker himself. This fact
could most easily provide evidence for whose theory of personality?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Albert Bandura
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Hans Eysenck
In social learning theory, Albert Bandura (1977) agrees with the behaviorist learning
theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. However, he adds two
important ideas:

1. Mediating processes occur between stimuli & responses.

2. Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational
learning.
A. Sigmund Freud - According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, personality develops
through a series of stages, each characterized by a certain internal psychological
conflict.
B. Albert Bandura - Bandura's personality theory has been the emulsifier between
behaviorist and cognitive learning. The overall concept of Bandura's personality theory
can be seen in his experiment with the Bobo doll.
C. Abraham Maslow - Self-actualization represents a concept derived from
Humanistic psychological theory and, specifically, from the theory created by Abraham
Maslow. Self-actualization, according to Maslow, represents growth of an individual
toward fulfillment of the highest needs.
D. Hans Eysenck -was a German psychologist who developed personality theories that
were based on genetics and temperament. He theorized that personality traits develop
from innate genetic influences that are biological and inherited. ... Eysenck's main
focus was on temperament which he saw as long term patterns of behavior.
10. Which refers to an educated guess or prediction which is specific enough for its
validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method?

A. Speculation
B. Hypothesis
C. Philosophy
D. Taxonomy
A. Speculation - reasoning based on inconclusive evidence; conjecture or supposition.
B. Hypothesis -is a tentative statement about the relationship between
two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you
expect to happen in a study.
C. Philosophy - can be defined as the investigation (or study) of the nature, causes, or
principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than
empirical methods.
D. Taxonomy -from Greek taxis, meaning arrangement or division, and nomos,
meaning law -- is the science of classification according to a predetermined system,
with the resulting catalog used to provide a conceptual framework for discussion,
analysis or information retrieval.
11. Adler held that children who received love and affection from their parents
typically develop

A. Strong social interest.

B. A pampered style of life.
C. A neglected style of life
D. A variety of safeguarding tendencies.
A. Strong social interest -One of Adlers key concepts is that of social interest.
Social interest in German is Gemeinschaftsgefuhl, which translates as community
feeling, as opposed to ones private interests or concerns.
B. A pampered style of life - The pampered child fails in two ways: First, he
doesn't learn to do for himself, and discovers later that he is truly inferior, and
secondly, he doesn't learn any other way to deal with others than the giving of
commands.
C. A neglected style of life - a child who is neglected or abused learns what the
pampered child learns, but learns it in a far more direct manner.
D. A variety of safeguarding tendencies - refers to the mistaken movement of the
discouraged person in thought, feeling, and action in response to perceived threats to
his or her self-esteem.
12. Jung believed that
A. Motivation should remain consistent throughout life.
B. Infancy and childhood are the most important stages of development.
C. Goals and behaviors of early life are not fitting for the second half
of life.
D. People should develop an extraverted attitude during the second half of life
A. Motivation should remain consistent throughout life.
B. Infancy and childhood are the most important stages of development.
C. Goals and behaviors of early life are not fitting for the second half
of life.
D. People should develop an extraverted attitude during the second half of life
13. Which of Jungs beliefs differed from Freuds theories?
A. Everyone has a collective unconscious
B. The unconscious is important in shaping personality
C. The main motivation for behavior is a striving for superiority
D. Behavior depends on the consequences that follow it
A. Everyone has a collective unconscious
B. The unconscious is important in shaping personality
C. The main motivation for behavior is a striving for superiority
D. Behavior depends on the consequences that follow it
14. Freud's oral-sadistic stage is characterized by
A. Early attempts at toilet training.
B. Unambivalent feelings toward the mother.
C. The emergence of teeth.
D. Rivalry toward younger siblings.
A. Early attempts at toilet training.
B. Unambivalent feelings toward the mother.
C. The emergence of teeth.
D. Rivalry toward younger siblings.
15. The process whereby a desired response is encourage through the use of
differential reinforcement and successive approximation rather than simply waiting
for it to occur
A. Shaping
B. Extinction
C. Reinforcers
D. Conditioning
A. Shaping - (also known as "successive approximation") is not, in and of itself, a
method for managing inappropriate behavior. Instead, it is a method that assists you in
setting goals for the behavior of a certain student.
B. Extinction -is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior
is not reinforced.
C. Reinforcers - is something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or
response will occur.
D. Conditioning -in physiology, a behavioral process whereby a response becomes
more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of
reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired
response.
16. Concerning emotions, Skinner believed all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. A person's emotions are not directly observable to others
B. The physical concomitants of emotions can be measured
C. A majority of human behaviors are the result of emotions
D. Emotions are subjectively real to the person in them
A. A person's emotions are not directly observable to others
B. The physical concomitants of emotions can be measured
C. A majority of human behaviors are the result of emotions
D. Emotions are subjectively real to the person ing them
17.Carl is obsessed with cleanliness and control. Which stage of Freuds Stages of
Psychosexual Development has Carl become fixated at?
A. Oral Stage
B. Phallic Stage
C. Latency Stage
D. Anal Stage
A. Oral Stage - is the initial stage of development. According to Freud, this is
when infants will be found putting anything into their mouth including their thumbs.
B. Phallic Stage -characterized by the stage of psychosexual development in
psychoanalytic theory following the anal stage and during which a child becomes
interested in his or her own sexual organs
C. Latency Stage - is the fourth stage in Freud's Psychosexual theory of
development, and it occurs from about age 5 or 6 to puberty. During the latency stage,
a child's sexual impulses are repressed.
D. Anal Stage - According to psychoanalysis, the second social and sexual stage
of an infant's development (after the oral stage ), in which the infant learns to control
bowel movements. Freudian psychology maintains that children gain pleasure from
both passing and withholding their feces.
18. Karen Horney believed that people are:
A. innately healthy.
B. innately neurotic.
C. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this
potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
D. born with the potential for psychological health, but that this potential must
be developed in an atmosphere of competition.
A. innately healthy.
B. innately neurotic.
C. born with a potential for psychological health, but that this
potential must be developed in a warm and loving atmosphere.
D. born with the potential for psychological health, but that this potential must be
developed in an atmosphere of competition.
19. Skinner believed that people
A. Are by nature bad and must be controlled to protect society from their
criminal behavior.
B. Are by nature good and self-directed.
C. Can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy
personalities.
D. Will become loving, self-directed, and self-actualizing when all their basic
needs are satisfied.
A. Are by nature bad and must be controlled to protect society from their
criminal behavior.
B. Are by nature good and self-directed.
C. Can design a society that will produce psychologically healthy
personalities.
D. Will become loving, self-directed, and self-actualizing when all their basic needs
are satisfied.

He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an
action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on
the surrounding environment. Skinner set out to identify the processes which made
certain operant behaviors more or less likely to occur.
20. Which of the following statements would apply most to Karen Horney?
A. We are governed by a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority;
B. We combat basic anxiety by adopting ways of relating with
others;
C. We aim for self-realization and individuation;
D. Life is a series of conflicts or crises.
A. We are governed by a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority;
B. We combat basic anxiety by adopting ways of relating with others;
C. We aim for self-realization and individuation;
D. Life is a series of conflicts or crises.
21. This refers to a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics
that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior.
A. traits
B. disorder
C. characteristics
D. personality
 A. traits - a distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one's personal
nature.
B. disorder - or derangement that affects the function of mind or body, such as an
eating disorder or the abuse of a drug.
C. characteristics - a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or
thing and serving to identify it.
D. personality - refers to a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior.
22. Freud contended that the object of the sexual instinct is
A. the region of the body in a state of tension.
B. the person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual pleasure.
C. the amount of force that sexual pleasure exerts on a person.
D. to seek pleasure by removing a state of sexual tension.
A. the region of the body in a state of tension.
B. the person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual
pleasure.
C. the amount of force that sexual pleasure exerts on a person.
D. to seek pleasure by removing a state of sexual tension.
23. Robin protects herself against the threat of change by constantly clinging to
objects and behaviors left from her early childhood. It thus appears that Robin is
relying primarily on which Freudian defense mechanism?
A. reaction formation
B. fixation
C. regression
D. sublimation
24. In their concepts of humanity, both Rotter and Mischel
A. Put greater emphasis on determinism rather than free choice.
B. Have more teleological than causal explanations of behavior.
C. Are highly optimistic in their viewpoints.
D. Stress unconscious forces over conscious ones.
A. Put greater emphasis on determinism rather than free choice.
B. Have more teleological than causal explanations of behavior.
C. Are highly optimistic in their viewpoints.
D. Stress unconscious forces over conscious ones.
25. Which of the following best describes Keirsey's (1988) temperament sorter?
A. It was the inspiration for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
B. It is a direct critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
C. It links Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results to appropriate careers.
D. It is used to analyse Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results when filling job vacancies.
A. It was the inspiration for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
B. It is a direct critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
C. It links Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results to appropriate careers.
D. It is used to analyse Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results when filling job vacancies.
26. What is a normal curve?
A. The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many
physical and psychological attributes
B. Meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested
standardization group
C. Most widely used intelligence test
D. The extent to which a test yields consistent results
27. Which of the following selection techniques has the highest predictive validity?
A. Personality assessment
B. References
C. Structured interview
D. Unstructured interview
A. Personality assessment -is the effort, wherever possible, to describe human
characteristics in quantitative terms.
B. References - are perceptions of an individual that appear as if stimuli in the
environment are directed towards them and referencing them specifically even though
they are not.
C. Structured interview - is a data-gathering methodology that involves a standard
set of questions asked in the same manner and order. For example, when doing
research, you may interview participants instead of asking them to fill out a
questionnaire.
D. Unstructured interview - generate qualitative data through the use of open
questions. This allows the respondent to talk in some depth, choosing their own words.
This helps the researcher develop a real sense of a person's understanding of a
situation.
 28. Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given
activity as ____________ traits.
A. temperament
B. motivational
C. dynamic
D. ability
A. temperament - refers to the characteristics and aspects of personality that we
are born with. For that reason, they are similar to traits in that they are both innate
(born with these things) and enduring.
B. motivational - is an internal process that makes a person move toward a goal.
Motivation, like intelligence, can't be directly observed. Instead, motivation can only
be inferred by noting a person's behavior.
C. dynamic - any approach to psychology that emphasizes drives and motives as
determinants of behavior.
D. ability - is a general word for power, native or acquired, enabling one to do
things well: a person of great ability; ability in mathematics.
29. May believed that we experience this feeling when we become aware that our
existence or some value identified with it may be destroyed.
A. anxiety
B. guilt
C. nonbeing
D. shame
A. anxiety - People with anxiety disorders usually have recurring intrusive
thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry. They may also
have physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, dizziness or a rapid heartbeat.
B. guilt - is also a feeling of anxiety or unhappiness that you have done something
immoral or wrong, such as causing harm to another person.
C. nonbeing - the philosophical problem arising from the fact that the ability to
refer appears to presuppose the existence of whatever is referred to, and yet we can
talk intelligibly about nonexistent objects.
D. shame - A painful feeling of humiliation or distress caused by the consciousness
of wrong or foolish behaviour.
30. The fact the Freud believed that a portion of our unconscious springs from the
experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed to us through hundreds of
generations of repetition only means that
A. some behaviors can ultimately be changed, since they are influenced by
unconscious forces
B. there are some subtle similarities between Freud and Jung
C. unconscious forces may sometimes not explain behavior
D. we cannot completely rely on the individuals unconscious motives.
A. some behaviors can ultimately be changed, since they are influenced by
unconscious forces
B. there are some subtle similarities between Freud and Jung
C. unconscious forces may sometimes not explain behavior
D. we cannot completely rely on the individuals unconscious motives.
31. Occurs when a response removes something positive from the situation or adds
something negative. Although this suppresses a response as long as it is applied, it
does not weaken the habit.
A. Punishment
B. Shaping
C. Extinction
D. Punishment
A. Punishment - is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that
occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in
the future.Punishment is often mistakenly confused with negative reinforcement.
B. Shaping - This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an
organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are
similar to the desired response.
C. Extinction - is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is
not reinforced.
D. Punishment - is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs
after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the
future.Punishment is often mistakenly confused with negative reinforcement.
32. Unlike Freud's psychoanalysis, Adler's individual psychology assumed that
A. Behavior is shaped by past experiences.
B. People are motivated largely by aggression.
C. People are mostly responsible for their personalities.
D. Most behavior is motivated by unconscious forces.
A. Behavior is shaped by past experiences.
B. People are motivated largely by aggression.
C. People are mostly responsible for their personalities.
D. Most behavior is motivated by unconscious forces.
33. A well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through
the process of repression. Since the superego cannot produce repressions by itself, it
orders the ego to do so. But sometimes, the ego acts or intends to act - contrary to the
moral standards of the superego. This then results to the formation of
A. Inferiority feelings;
B. Aggressive urges and drives;
C. Paranoid behavior;
D. Guilt
A. Inferiority feelings - begin in childhood and continue to crop up now and then
throughout adulthood. They occur when someone does better than you, criticizes you,
shows authority over you, hurts you, or otherwise gains advantage over you.
B. Aggressive urges and drives - the motive to argue with other people and hurt
them in some ways. People a with high need for agression, are likely to start arguments
and be physically violent.
C. Paranoid behavior - people with this behavior are generally characterized by
having a long-standing pattern of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others.
D. Guilt - is also a feeling of anxiety or unhappiness that you have done
something immoral or wrong, such as causing harm to another person.
34. Compared to other theories of personality, Eriksons can be said to focus almost
entirely on
A. Psychopathology
B. Psychotherapy
C. Development
D. Instincts
A. Psychopathology - is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness
or mental distress or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be
indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment.
B. Psychotherapy - is a general term for treating mental health problems by
talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider.
C. Development - theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages,
taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into
adulthood.
D. Instincts - is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned
and set in motion as the result of some environmental trigger.
35. Rogers called the tendency for matter (organic and inorganic) to evolve from
simpler to more complex forms
A. The formative tendency C. Self-actualization.
B. The actualizing tendency. D. The transcendent function.
A. The formative tendency -the term that is applied to the general drive
toward self- improvement, growth that was hypothesized by Carl Rogers in his client-
centered therapy.
B. The actualizing tendency - an innate drive that pushes the person to fulfill his
potentials. A "Fully-Functioning Person" is an individual who is continually moving
toward self-actualization.
C. Self-actualization - represents a concept derived from Humanistic
psychological theory and, specifically, from the theory created by Abraham Maslow.
Self-actualization, according to Maslow, represents growth of an individual toward
fulfillment of the highest needs; those for meaning in life, in particular.
D. The transcendent function - an irrational life-process, "the process of coming
to terms with the unconscious, a natural process, a manifestation of the energy that
springs from the tension of opposites.
36. Since Adler believed in the harmony between conscious and unconscious forces, it
can therefore be said that
A. Personality is a unified system;
B. Inconsistent behavior does not exist;
C. Some thoughts can be helpful or unhelpful in ones striving for success;
D. All of the above.
A. Personality is a unified system;
B. Inconsistent behavior does not exist;
C. Some thoughts can be helpful or unhelpful in ones striving for success;
D. All of the above.
37. Maslow was generally optimistic and hopeful about humans, but he recognized
that people are capable of great evil and destruction. Evil and destruction, according
to Maslow, are

A. Due to the frustration of basic needs

B. Caused by poor parental upbringing
C. Due to social pressures
D. Caused by predisposing factors or traits
A. Due to the frustration of basic needs
B. Caused by poor parental upbringing
C. Due to social pressures
D. Caused by predisposing factors or traits
38. Which intelligence refers to the ability to perceive and mentally manipulate a
form or object, perceive and create tension, balance and composition in visual or
spatial display?
A. Logical mathematical intelligence
B. Naturalist intelligence
C. Intrapersonal intelligence
D. Spatial intelligence
A. Logical mathematical intelligence - consists of the capacity to carry out
mathematical operations, analyse problems logically, and investigate issues
scientifically. In Howard Gardner's words, it involves the ability to detect patterns,
reason deductively and think logically.
B. Naturalist intelligence - This particular intelligence that involves how sensitive an
individual is to nature and the world. People who excel in this intelligence typically are
interested in growing plants, taking care of animals or studying animals or plants.
C. Intrapersonal intelligence -People who have high intrapersonal intelligence are
aware of their emotions, motivations, beliefs, and goals.
39. What is Sullivans principal contribution to personality theory?
A. Self system
B. Developmental epochs
C. Theory of social interest
D. Conception of developmental stages
A. Self system -It refers to an individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the
extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or
herself (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991).
B. Developmental epochs - Unlike Freud, however, he also believed that personality
can develop past adolescence and even well into adulthood. He called the stages in his
developmental theory Epochs. He believed that we pass through these stages in a
particular order but the timing of such is dictated by our social environment.
C. Theory of social interest -One of Adler's key concepts is that of social interest. ... If
one does not have social interest then one is self-absorbed and is concerned only with
one's self. Such a style of life is useless. The condition of being useless is not
pathological. A person doesn't have (possess) a defined set of psychological
symptoms.
D. Conception of developmental stages -Sullivan expanded his ideas into the
area of personality development. Sullivan's work became the foundation of
interpersonal psychoanalysis, a school of psychoanalytic theory and treatment that
stresses the detailed exploration of the nuances of patients' patterns of interacting with
others.
40. The L-data technique uses
A. ratings of specific behaviors in real-life settings.
B. questionnaires.
C. observations of laboratory behavior.
D. objective tests.
A. ratings of specific behaviors in real-life settings.
B. questionnaires.
C. observations of laboratory behavior.
D. objective tests.
41. Eriksons concept of school age matches which of Freuds psychosexual stage?
A. Genital
B. Latency
C. Phallic
D. Anal
A. Genital - is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and
begins in puberty. During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made
associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual
contact with others.
B. Latency - is the fourth stage in Freud's Psychosexual theory of development, and
it occurs from about age 5 or 6 to puberty. During the latency stage, a child's sexual
impulses are repressed.
C. Phallic -characterized by the stage of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic
theory following the anal stage and during which a child becomes interested in his or
her own sexual organs
D. Anal - According to psychoanalysis, the second social and sexual stage of an infant's
development (after the oral stage ), in which the infant learns to control bowel
movements. Freudian psychology maintains that children gain pleasure from both
passing and withholding their feces.
 42. A phobia is extinguished by having a client approach the feared experience one
small
step at a time while relaxing after each step.
A. Learned helplessness
B. Flooding
C. Extinction
D. Systematic Desensitization
A. Learned helplessness - afeeling of permanent helplessness which typically arises
after exposure to an unpleasant event or stimuli which the person observing or
involved usually doesn't have any control over their participation.
B. Flooding - a behavior therapy technique where the person is exposed directly to a
maximum intensity anxiety-producing situation or stimulus, either in the imagination
or in reality.
C. Extinction -is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior
is not reinforced.
D. Systematic Desensitization - a treatment of phobias in which the patient while
relaxed is exposed, often only in imagination, to progressively more frightening
aspects of the phobia.
43. According to Maslow, metamotivation is _____
A. A characteristic of psychotic individuals
B. A drive to do ones best and to achieve fame
C. The motivation of self-actualizing people
D. The need for friendship and acceptance by others
A. A characteristic of psychotic individuals
B. A drive to do ones best and to achieve fame
C. The motivation of self-actualizing people
D. The need for friendship and acceptance by others

Metamotivation is a term coined by Abraham Maslow to describe the motivation of

people who are self-actualized and striving beyond the scope of their basic needs to
reach their full potential. Maslow suggested that people are initially motivated by a
series of basic needs, called the hierarchy of needs.
44. The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that
A. lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential.
B. individual needs are learned, not inherited.
C. safety needs are the most important of all the hierarchy of needs.
D. higher needs must be satisfied first.
A. lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become
influential.
B. individual needs are learned, not inherited.
C. safety needs are the most important of all the hierarchy of needs.
D. higher needs must be satisfied first.
45. Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model. This may or may
not involve imitation.
A. Observational learning
B. Generalization
C. Conditioning
D. Behavioral modification
A. Observational learning -or modeling, is a type of learning most associated with
the work and social learning theory of psychologist Albert Bandura. Observational
learning can produce new behaviors, and either increase or decrease the frequency
with which a previously learned behavior is demonstrated.
B. Generalization - the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar
stimuli. For example, a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and
loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher
and lower pitch.
C. Conditioning - in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction ("response")
to an object or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal can be modified by 'learning',
or conditioning. The most well-known form of this is Classical Conditioning (see
below), and Skinner built on it to produce Operant Conditioning.
D. Behavioral modification -Inducing positive change in an individual's behavior
through such techniques as positive and negative reinforcement, or punishment for
poor behavior. This therapy method is based off of the experiments by B.F. Skinner and
his theory of operant conditioning.
46. Interpersonal theory comprises three strands of leading ideas: the principle of
complementarity, the principle of vector length, and the principle of ___________.
A. intrapersonal circle
B. circumplex structure
C. complimentarity
D. nonverbal cues
A. intrapersonal circle -Interpersonal theory comprises three strands of leading
ideas: the principle of complementarity, the principle of vector length, and the
principle of intrapersonal circle.
B. circumplex structure - which contends that variables that measure interpersonal
relations are arranged around a circle in two-dimensional space (Leary, 1957). A
circumplex can be viewed in three successively more restrictive and testable ways.
C. complimentarity - contends that people in dyadic interactions negotiate the
definition of their relationship through verbal and nonverbal cues.
D. nonverbal cues - According to experts, a substantial portion of our communication
is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands on nonverbal cues and behaviors
including postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice.
47. Allport believed that psychoanalytic and learning theories

A. are basically homeostatic or unchanging. C. All the above are correct.

B. study the psychological healthy individual. D. are basically proactive.
A. are basically homeostatic or unchanging -
B. study the psychological healthy individual.
C. All the above are correct.
D. are basically proactive.

To Allport, people not only react to their environment, but they also shape their environment
and cause it to react to them. His proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often
seek additional tension and that they purposefully act on their environment in a way that
fosters growth toward psychological health.

As a child develops, specific behaviors and interactions become a part of the individuals
personality. As the person grows, these traits become functionally autonomous. In other
words, they become so much a part of the person that they no longer require whatever it was
that caused it to develop.
48. People who are low in ________ and ________ are much more likely to
imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas.

A. IQ/grades
B. self-confidence/self-esteem
C. happiness/assertiveness
D. ego/superego
A. IQ/grades - is a score you receive on a test that assesses intelligence. The test is
typically made up of several sub-tests that look at abilities like verbal, perceptual,
processing, and working memory./ a particular level of rank, quality, proficiency,
intensity, or value.
B. self-confidence/self-esteem - is a person's belief or trust in their own ability/
is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring.
C. happiness/assertiveness -Research in the field of positive psychology and happiness
often define a happy person as someone who experiences frequent positive emotions,
such as joy, interest, and pride, and infrequent (though not absent) negative emotions,
such as sadness, anxiety and anger (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).
D. ego/superego - According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, there are
three parts to the personality: the ego, the id and the superego. The ego is the
psychological component of the personality that is represented by our conscious
decision-making process./ is the ethical component of the personality and provides the
moral standards by which the ego operates. The superego's criticisms, prohibitions,
and inhibitions form a person's conscience, and its positive aspirations and ideals
represent one's idealized self-image, or ego ideal.
49. Kellys view of human nature was essentially

A. optimistic
B. pessimistic
C. causal
D. biological
KELLY'S COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY THEORY

1-Kelly's theory is phenomenological it focuses on the internal frame of reference of the

individual.
2-It is cognitive because it studies mental events.
3-It is existential because it emphasized the future and individual's freedom to choose,
4- Humanistic since it focuses on creative powers and optimistic about people's ability
to solve their problems.

For Kelly an individual's behavior and thoughts are guided by a set of personal constructs that
are used in predicting future events. A person's processes (behavior and thinking) are
channelized by ways that he anticipates reality. Examples of constructs include "good versus
bad," "friendly versus hostile." These constructs are the ones which many people use to
construe events in their daily lives
A. optimistic - is the general tendency to expect positive outcomes, as opposed
to dispositional pessimism, which is the general tendency to expect negative
outcomes.
B. pessimistic - an inclination to emphasize adverse aspects, conditions, and
possibilities or to expect the worst possible outcome.
C. causal - is the demonstration of how one variable influences (or the effect of a
variable) another variable or other variables.
D. biological - believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology.
Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological. All thoughts, feeling &
behavior ultimately have a biological cause. A biological perspective is relevant to the
study of psychology in three ways.
50. According to Eysenck, introverted types are characterized by all the following
traits EXCEPT

A. quiet
B. passive
C. optimistic
D. sober.
 Extraversion tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior,
whereas introversion is manifested in more reserved and solitary behavior.

Introversion is the state of being predominantly interested in one's own mental self.
Introverts are typically perceived as more reserved or reflective. Some popular
psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose energy tends to
expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This is similar to Jung's
view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few
modern conceptions make this distinction.
A. quiet - a person who is restrained in speech, manner, etc
B. passive - people who are passive do not take action but instead let things happen to
them.
C. optimistic -is the general tendency to expect positive outcomes, as opposed to
dispositional pessimism, which is the general tendency to expect negative outcomes.

D. sober - the opposite of playful or drunk.

51. The main difference between Freuds ego defense mechanisms and Adlers
safeguarding tendencies is that

A. ego defense mechanisms are essentially biological while safeguarding

tendencies are social;
B. ego defense mechanisms operate in the persons unconscious,
while safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious;
C. ego defense mechanisms apply only to particular neurotic symptoms, while
safeguarding tendencies apply to everyone;
D. they are predominantly similar concepts.
52. Zuckerman used the method of ________ to identify sensation seeking.
A. test-retest
B. item analysis
C. statistical reduction
D. factor analysis
A. test-retest - reliability refers to the degree to which test results are consistent over
time. In order to measure test-retest reliability, we must first give the same test to
the same individuals on two occasions and correlate the scores.
B. item analysis - is a process which examines student responses to individual test
items (questions) in order to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a
whole.
C. statistical reduction - is the process of reducing the number of random variables
under consideration, via obtaining a set of principal variables.
D. factor analysis - is a statistical method used to describe variability among
observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved
variables called factors.
53. John Watsons extreme behaviorist views were adopted and taken even further by
A. Gordon Allport.
B. Carl Rogers.
C. Sigmund Freud
D. B.F. Skinner
 John B. Watson is often referred to as the father of behaviorism. He believed that all
behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and can be measured, trained, and changed
through their actions with the environment and responses to environmental stimuli.
Because of this, only observable behaviors should be studied, internal mental states are too
subjective, and therefore irrelevant. Watson stated that he could take any individual and
could train them to perform any task regardless of their genes, personality traits, and
internal thoughts through classical and operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner believed that behaviors were dependent upon what happened after the
response, calling it operant behaviors, meaning any active behavior that operates upon the
environment to generate consequences. He believed internal thoughts and motivations
could not explain behavior, but we can only look observable causes of human behavior.
Skinner, as an advocate of operant conditioning, developed schedules of reinforcement
best used to create a desired behavior.
A. Gordon Allport according to Gordon Allport, your personality is made up of
the traits you possess. A trait is a personal characteristic we have which stays generally
the same overtime and is resistant to changing.
B. Carl Rogers - the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as "the organized,
consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". The self is the humanistic
term for who we really are as a person.
C. Sigmund Freud - emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a
primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs
behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is
to make the unconscious conscious.
D. B.F. Skinner - the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they
reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior
will occur again.
54. Which of the following would most likely be manifested as stinginess, orderliness
and cleanliness?
A. Oral incorporative
B. Oral Aggressive
C. Anal retentive
D. Anal expulsive
A. Oral incorporative - the first psychosexual development stage wherein the
mouth of the infant is his or her primary erogenous zone. Spanning the life period
from birth to the age of 18 months, the oral stage is the first of the five Freudian
psychosexual development stages.
B. Oral Aggressive the hostile is verbally abusive to others, using mouth-based
aggression.
C. Anal retentive - is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness.
The person is generally stubborn and perfectionist.
D. Anal expulsive this personality is an opposite of the Anal retentive
personality, and has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless.
55. Sigmund Freud viewed personality as

A. a concept unworthy for psychologists to study

B. unconscious and hidden.
C. entirely dependent on temporary circumstances.
D. independent from the influence of childhood experiences.
56. In Freud's dynamic theory of personality, the ______________ level of
awareness contains information that you're not currently aware of but can easily bring
to concious awareness.

A. Conscious
B. Unconscious
C. Preconscious
D. Subconscious.
A. Conscious - refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts,
memories, feelings, sensations, and environment.Your conscious experiences are
constantly shifting and changing.
B. Unconscious - is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that
outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are
unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict
C. Preconscious - o characterize ideas, memories, and beliefs that are
unconscious at a particular moment, but are not repressed. Thoughts are treated as
ideas that are readily accessible but that are not being actively thought about
D. Subconscious - is the part of our mind that is not in current awareness. It is
the part of our consciousness that is not being focused on and is lying dormant.
57. "A man may move from an act of love to an act of jealousy, and from there to an
act of hate, even though hate is not something that would be inferred from love even
in his peculiar system." What corollary is being referred by Kelly?

A. Choice corollary
B. Dichotomy corollary
C. Experience corollary
D. Fragmentation corollary

11 coloralies
A. Choice corollary it is when a person chooses for him- or her self that alternative
in a dichotomized construct through which he or she anticipates the greater
possibility for extension and definition of his or her system.
B. Dichotomy corollary - a person's construction system is composed of a finite
number of dichotomous constructs." Kelly believed that the constructs that make up
our personal maps of reality are always axes between two polar opposites.
C. Experience corollary - To the extent that constructs are permeable they are subject
to change through experience. Concrete or impermeable constructs resist
modification regardless of our experience.
D. Fragmentation corollary - the variation in a person's system of interconnected
theories is limited by the openness of those theories to refutation and reconstruction.
A person may successively employ a variety of conjectural subsystems which are
incompatible with each other.
58. According to Allport, personal dispositions that are so dominating in ones life
that they cannot be hidden are called ______.

A. cardinal traits
B. central traits
C. learned traits
D. primary traits
A. cardinal traits it is when a person is intrinsically tied to an
individual's personality that the person becomes almost synonymous
with those qualities. It is basic and dominant characteristic, as greed or ambition,
that, according to a theory developed by psychologist Gordon Allport (1936),
controls the behavior of many people.
B. central traits - refer to general characteristics that are present to
some degree in almost everyone. These traits could be kindness, honesty, or
friendliness.
C. learned traits - Features of an offspring that result from genes passed on
by parents are called inherited traits, or characteristics. Inherited Traits. The
features of an organism that were inherited from its parents are called inherited
traits, or inherited characteristics.
D. primary traits - s the process of identifying major traits or characteristics that
are expected in student work. After the primary traits are identified, specific criteria
with performance standards, are defined for each trait.
59. Unlike Freud and Adler, Jung insisted that

A. human behavior is shaped mainly by causal forces;

B. human behavior is shaped mainly by teleological forces;
C. both causal and teleological forces determine behavior;
D. behavior cannot be determined or predicted.
Causality vs. Teleology

Jung's theory contains a definite influence of the personal unconscious and the collective
unconscious in motivating human behavior, he must have believed in a causative explanation to
human behavior. At the same time, people do have free will under his assumptions, and they can
not only make decisions freely but can also independently set goals and hold aspirations

Freud relied heavily on a causal viewpoint in his explanations of adult behavior in terms of early
childhood experiences. It is easy to see that previous experiences, especially in childhood, can
have a lasting impact on an adult life. The use of this causal viewpoint as a blanket approach to
explaining behavior, though, was not enough for Jung. Jung challenged this idea, according to
Feist and Feist (2009) and criticized Freud for being one-sided in his emphasis on causality and
insisted that a causal view could not explain all motivation. Jung also did not accept the
viewpoint that human behavior is motivated solely by future goals and aspirations.

Jung believed in balance. Neither view alone was adequate as an explanation of behavior assert
that he insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that
causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones
60. Mischel's chief argument with trait theory is that it

A. Assumes that behavior is quite consistent

B. Is based on factor analysis
C. Overlooks the subjective judgments of individuals
D. Has an unscientific genetic component
 Key Points

The social- cognitive perspective on personality is a theory that emphasizes cognitive processes,
such as thinking and judging, in the development of personality.
Walter Mischel (1930present) is a personality researcher whose development of the cognitive-
affective personality model has helped to shape the social-cognitive theory of personality.
Mischel suggests that an individuals behavior is fundamentally dependent on situational cues; this
counters the trait theories perspective that behavior is dependent upon traits and should be
consistent across diverse situations.
The conflict of ideas between Mischels model and earlier trait theories became known as the
personsituation debate, or trait vs. state. The topic debated is whether traits or situations are
more influential in predicting behavior.
Mischel found distinctive but stable patterns of if-then situation-behavior relations that form
personality signatures: if x situation occurs, then y behavior might result.
One of Mischels most notable contributions to personality psychology are his ideas on self-
regulation, as demonstrated in his famous Stanford marshmallow experiment on delayed
gratification.
61. Bandura calls the capacity to exercise control over our lives

A. external locus of control

B. free will.
C. human agency.
D. External locus of control
A. external locus of control the idea that successes or failures result from
external factors beyond their control, such as luck, fate, circumstance, injustice, bias,
or teachers who are unfair, prejudiced, or unskilled.
B. free will - is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action
unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of responsibility, praise, guilt,
sin, and other judgments which apply only to actions that are freely chosen.
C. human agency - refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently
and to make their own free choices, based on their will, whereas "structure" refers to
those factors (such as social class, but also religion, gender, ethnicity, subculture, etc.)
D. External locus of control the idea that their successes or failures result from
external factors beyond their control, such as luck, fate, circumstance, injustice, bias,
or teachers who are unfair, prejudiced, or unskilled.
62. In his Personal Construct theory, George Kelly states that persons should be
viewed as

A. if they were computers attempting to solve complex life problems.

B. if they were scientists trying to devise theories of their world.
C. self-actualizing humans, not analogous to any other animal or machine.
D. miniature societies within a single organism, striving for mutual harmony among
its "citizens."
The Psychology of Personal Construct It is a fundamental fact of life that human beings are
thinking animals. Indeed, man's intellectual processes are so self-evident that all personality
theories in some way acknowledge their effects on behavior. George Kelly, a practicing clinical
psychologist, was the first personologist to emphasize the cognitive or knowing aspects of
human existence as the dominant feature of personality. According to his theoretical system,
the Psychology of Personal Constructs, a person is basically a scientist, striving to understand,
interpret, anticipate, and control the personal world of experience for the purpose of dealing
effectively with it.

This view of human behavior as scientist-like is the hallmark of Kelly's theory: Mankind, whose
progress in search of prediction and control of surrounding events stands out so clearly in the
light of the centuries, comprises the men we see around us every day. The aspirations of the
scientist are essentially the aspirations of all men.

Kelly admonished his fellow psychologists not to proceed as if their subjects were passive
"reactors" to external stimuli. He reminded them that their subjects also behave like scientists,
inferring on the basis of the past and hypothesizing about the future. His own thinking, highly
original and different from the dominant forms of psychological thought prevalent in America
in his day, has greatly contributed to recent major innovations in cognitive personality theory.
63. Eriksons interrelated aspects of ego are the body ego, ego ideal, and
____________.

A. egocentrism
B. ego identity
C. ego generativity
D. ego stagnation
A. egocentrism - is the inability to differentiate between self and other. ... Although
egocentrism and narcissism appear similar, they are not the same. A person who is
egocentric believes they are the center of attention, like a narcissist, but does not
receive gratification by one's own admiration.
B. ego identity - is the sense of identity that provides individuals with the ability to
experience their sense of who they are, and also act on that sense, in a way that has
continuity and sameness. The most influential theorist in this area, Erikson (1968)
described ego identity as a means for continuity of the person.
C. ego generativity - with generativity comes less of a tendency to want to enhance
your own sense of self and a greater tendency for your ego to take a back seat to the
needs of others.
D. ego stagnation - letting go of ego expectations can open you up for more guidance,
peace and contentment, leading you out of creative stagnation.
64. Eysenck believed that introverts are characterized by

A. lower levels of cortical arousal.

B. higher levels of cortical arousal.
C. high sensory threshold.
D. all of these.
 Introverts are characterized by traits opposite those of extraverts. They can be described as quiet, passive,
unsociable, careful, reserved thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. According to Eysenck (1982),
however, the prhicipal differences between extraversin and introversion are not behavioral, but rather biological
and genetic hi nature.

Eysenck (1997a) believed that the primary cause of differences between ex-traverts and introverts is one of cortical
arousal level, a physiological condition that is largely inherited rather than learned. Because extraverts have a lower
level of cortical arousal than do hitroverts, they have higher sensory thresholds and thus lesser reactions to sensory
stimulation. Introverts, conversely, are characterized by a higher level of arousal, and as a result of a lower sensory
threshold they experience greater reactions to sensory stimulation. To maintain an opthnal level of stimulation,
introverts, with their congenitally low sensory threshold avoid situations that will cause too much excitement.
Hence, hitroverts shun such activities as wild social events, downhill skihig, skydiving, competitive sports, leading a
fraternity or sorority, or playing practical jokes.

Conversely, because extraverts have a habitually low level of cortical arousal, they need a high level of sensory
stimulation to maintain an optimal level of stimulation. Therefore, extraverts participate more often hi excithig and
stimulating activities. They may enjoy such activities as mountain climbing, gambling, driving fast cars, drinking
alcohol, and smoking marijuana. In addition, Eysenck (1976) hypothesized that extraverts, as opposed to hitroverts,
will engage in sexual intercourse earlier, more frequently, with a wider range of partners, hi a greater number of
positions, with a larger variety of sexual behaviors, and will indulge hi longer precoital love play. Because extraverts
have a lower level of cortical arousal, however, they become more quickly accustomed to strong sthnuli (sexual or
otherwise) and respond less and less to the same stimuli, whereas introverts are less likely to become bored and
uninterested in routine activities carried on with the same people.
65. Which of Cattells media of observation could NOT be used with animals such as
dogs or cats?

A. L data
B. Q data
C. T data
D. None of the above
A. L data refers to information that can be gleaned from the events, activities,
and outcomes in a person' s life that are available to public scrutiny. These can all
serve as important sources of information about personality.
B. Q data - is based on questioning an individual about their own feelings and
behavior is their everyday life. Cattell believed this questioning revealed subtle
internal states and viewpoints that are harder to see in external behavior.
C. T data - studies ones reactions to standardized experiments in a lab
environment. where the subjects behavior can be observed.
D. None of the above
66. The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are:

A. sex and security

B. safety and security
C. hunger and sex
D. sex and aggression
67. In what specific way was Jungs notion of the development of personality
different from Freud?

A. Jung emphasized the second half of life, the period after 35 or 40,
while Freud focused on the earlier years of life;
B. Jung insisted on the importance of intuition, while Freud gave importance to
sexual energy;
C. Jungs stages of development were more defined in terms of conflict
resolution during particular stages;
D. Jung gave clearer distinctions between male and female developmental stages.
The second half of life is marked for some by depression and an absence of meaning.
Carl Jung believed that middle and old age, like youth, have specific developmental
tasks.

While the developmental tasks for youth involve turning outward and engaging life,
the goal for the mature individual is to consolidate an integrated personality by
integrating the conscious and the unconscious parts of self.
68. The people who most influenced Eysenck were

A. Cyril Burt, Charles Spearman, and Ivan Pavlov.

B. E. L. Thorndike, A. H. Maslow, and Julian Rotter
C. R. B. Cattell, J. B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner
D. Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler.
69. To Kelly, our actions are shaped by

A. our past experiences. C. our anticipation

of events.
B. environmental events. D. positive and
negative reinforcers.
 Kelly's theory of personal constructs can be seen as a metatheory, or a theory about
theories. It holds that people anticipate events by the meanings or interpretations
that they place on those events. Kelly called these interpretations personal
constructs. His philosophical position, called constructive alternativism, assumes
that alternative interpretations are always available to people.
70. A person who is under extreme grief and depression expresses no emotion.
According to Horney, this person used a _______ neurotic auxiliary approach.

A. Rationalization
B. Blind Spots
C. Excessive self-control
D. Externalization
A. Rationalization - also known as making excuses is a defense mechanism in
which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly
rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously
tolerableor even admirable.
B. Blind Spots - deals with the question of ones own personality and
identity and how we see others and ourselves. This represents the intriguing
question as to how much and to what extent we are even capable of truly assessing
ourselves.
C. Excessive self-control when suppression leads to greater resentment
and control.
D. Externalization - is an unconscious defense mechanism by which an individual
"projects" his or her own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly
onto other people.
71. The process whereby a response is CARRIED from one set of stimulating
conditions to another by gradually adding new stimulus elements and subtracting the
old one.

A. insightful learning
B. transfer of training
C. formal discipline
D. associative shifting
A. insightful learning - is a type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-a-
sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather
than through trial and error.
B. transfer of training - efers to the effect that knowledge or abilities acquired in one
area have on problem solving or knowledge acquisition in other areas. Transfer of
training is based on the theory of transfer of learning.
C. formal discipline - training supposedly imparted by the form of a study (as
mathematics) as distinguished from its content value; also the study itself.
D. associative shifting - refers to the transfer of a response evoked by a given
stimulus to an entirely different stimulus. Begins with a connection between a certain
situation and a certain response, then one gradually drops stimulus elements that are
part of the original situation and adds stimulus elements that are not part of the
original situation.
72. The final resolution of the Oedipus complex occurs in adolescence during the
________ stage, during which incestuous urges start to resurface, and the person
directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes.

A. Latency
B. Genital
C. Phallic
D. Oral
A. Latency - is the time span between a stimulus and a response or reaction. It is
often used in psychology, especially in experiments in cognitive or social psychology.
In cognitive psychology, for example, shorter response latencies can mean quicker
brain processing or better memory.
B. Genital - is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and
begins in puberty. During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made
associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual
contact with others.
C. Phallic - is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three
to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia as
the erogenous zone.
D. Oral - the stage or hemitaxia denotes the first psychosexual development stage
wherein the mouth of the infant is his or her primary erogenous zone.
73. The fear of being ones best is

A. the fear of failure

B. the Jonah complex
C. the Moses complex
D. the metapathology
A. the fear of failure - (also called "atychiphobia") is when we allow that fear to
stop us doing the things that can move us forward to achieve our goals.
B. the Jonah complex - is the fear of success which prevents self-
actualization, or the realization of one's potential. It is the fear of one's own greatness,
the evasion of one's destiny, or the avoidance of exercising one's talents.
C. the Moses complex - is a particular form of religious psychopathology.
It involves a Messianic/Savior ide fixe, whereby one's innermost psychic life is
fundamentally centered on a mythic identification with Moses the Law Giver &
Savior.
D. the metapathology idea that playfulness is a B-value; Grimness, depression,
loss of zest in life are metapathologies.
74. Rogerss early approach to therapy was most influenced by

A. Alfred Adler
B. Erich Fromm
C. E.L. Thorndike
D. Otto Rank
A. Alfred Adler -examined personality around the same time as Carl Jung and
Sigmund Freud. They worked on some theories together until Adler rejected Freud's
emphasis on sex, and maintained that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of
inferiority deriving from restrictions on the individual's need for self-assertion.
B. Erich Fromm - The truth is often realized through balance, found in the middle
ground between opposing extremesa reality. The humanistic psychoanalysis looks at
people from the perspective of psychology, history, and anthropology.
C. E.L. Thorndike - the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism.
Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant
conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behavior.
D. Otto Rank - life is equivalent to the processes of separation and individualiza-tion,
whereas death is the opposite processes of union and fusion. The two opposing fears of life
and death are experienced as uncomfortable tension states, much as the concept of anxiety is
emphasized by other conflict theorists. However, Rank prefers the more definitive term fear
over the diffuse term anxiety.
75. Who would most likely use diaries, letters, confessions, and literary works in
understanding the behavior and personality of a person?
A. Rollo May
B. Carl Jung
C. George Kelly
D. Gordon Allport
The term nomothetic comes from the Greek word nomos meaning law. Psychologists
who adopt this approach are mainly concerned with studying what we share with others. That
is to say in establishing laws or generalizations.

The term idiographic comes from the Greek word idios meaning own or private.
Psychologists interested in this aspect of experience want to discover what makes each of us
unique.

Nomothetic is based on what Kant described as a tendency to generalize, and is typical

for the natural sciences. It describes the effort to derive laws that explain types or
categories of objective phenomena, in general.

Idiographic is based on what Kant described as a tendency to specify, and is typical for
the humanities. It describes the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique,
and often cultural or subjective phenomena.
76. Allport's theory of personality is based mostly on

A. clinical experience with mentally ill patients

B. factor analytical studies.
C. experimental investigation.
D. philosophical speculation and common sense.
77. John Watson recommended that psychologists should emphasize the study of

A. overt behaviors.
B. mental processes.
C. introspection.
D. covert behaviors
A. overt behaviors - is any bodily action that people can directly observe, such as
walking, dancing, running, hand gestures, and facial expressions.
B. mental processes - all the things that individuals can do with their minds. These
include perception, memory, thinking (such as ideation, imagination, belief,
reasoning, etc.), volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is
used instead.
C. Introspection - is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In
psychology, the process of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one's
mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's
soul.
D. covert behaviors - refers to performance that cannot be observed directly,
performance that is mental, invisible, cognitive, or internal. e.g. lying, political
candidates, etc.
78. For a theory to be useful, it should be:
A. parsimonious
B. able to generate research
C. internally consistent
D. All of the above.
79. What did Freud mean by the comment "Where the id was, there shall ego be"?

A. The newborn child moves during the first year from being oblivious to others to
being selfish.
B. Society will attempt to control the individual's libido through social norms.
C. Psychological health consists of firm ego control over libidinal
impulses.
D. Psychological health consists of replacing distortions of reality with the pleasure
principle.
80. Rollo May said that healthy people
A. retreat from their destiny
B. deny their freedom
C. challenge their destiny
D. deny death
81. Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality is quite difficult to falsify because

A. he suggests that many of our emotions and behaviors are

motivated by unconscious forces that are directly opposite the ones we
express.
B. he claims that we are motivated by unconscious forces that are not
researchable;
C. he justifies aggressive behavior as being caused by unconscious tendencies;
D. he proposed that we have an ancestral history that affect our thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors directly and indirectly.
82. One criticism, or weakness, of __________ theories is that they don't really
explain human personality. Intead, they simply label general predispositions to behave
in a certain way.

A. Humanistic
B. Psyhcoanalytic
C. Trait
D. Social-cognitive
A. Humanistic - the concept of look at human behavior not only through the
eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.
Sometimes the humanistic approach is called phenomenological.
B. Psyhcoanalytic - is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of
personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating
psychopathology. (First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century)
C. Trait - is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are
primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual
patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.
D. Social-cognitive - is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how
people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
83. To a Rogerian counselor, the best approach to treat a patient who manifests
neurotic behavior would be to

A. probe deeply into his childhood memories in order to determine the root
cause of his neurotic symptoms;
B. encourage the patient to eliminate negative thoughts that would affect his
emotional well-being;
C. perform techniques that would help him modify his behavior to enable him to
become effective and efficient;
D. provide an accepting, nonthreatening atmosphere.
84. According to Freud, during what stage does the superego emerge?

A. Genital
B. Oral
C. Phallic
D. Anal
A. Genital - is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and
begins in puberty. During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made
associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual
contact with others.
B. Oral - the stage or hemitaxia denotes the first psychosexual development stage
wherein the mouth of the infant is his or her primary erogenous zone.
C. Phallic - is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of
three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia
as the erogenous zone.
D. Anal - is the period of human development occurring at about one to three years
of age. Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the child's
fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus. The erogenous zone is focused on the
bowel and bladder control.
85. When James was young, his sister is always given an award in school for excelling
in her academics. James saw this and learned to be diligent and hardworking as he
started his formal schooling. This scenario would provide an evidence for whose
theory?

A. Alfred Adler
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Hans Eysenck
D. Albert Bandura
A. Alfred Adler - examined personality around the same time as Carl Jung and
Sigmund Freud. They worked on some theories together until Adler rejected Freud's
emphasis on sex, and maintained that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of
inferiority deriving from restrictions on the individual's need for self-assertion
B. Abraham Maslow the hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by
Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in
Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his
observations of humans' innate curiosity.
C. Hans Eysenck - s based on three dimensions: introversion vs. extroversion,
neuroticism vs. stability, and psychoticism vs. socialization.
D. Albert Bandura - posits that people learn from one another, via observation,
imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between
behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention,
memory, and motivation.
86. Freuds theory of personality was developed on the basis of

A. rigorous scientific testing of human behavior in laboratory settings.

B. experimentation on animals, the results of which were generalized to humans.
C. his experience living in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
D. his own clinical observations
87. To a psychoanalytic therapist, the best way to treat a psychologically disturbed
client would be to

A. enforce behavior modification techniques;

B. delve into repressed childhood conflicts;
C. use unconditional positive regard;
D. train the client to create useful constructs about himself.
88. Situation that exists when a person is both attracted to and repelled by the same
goal
ex: taking the job may bring in a significantly greater income but it is not a job you'd
be passionate about doing
A. Approach-approach conflict
B. Approach-avoidance conflict
C. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
D. Double Approach Avoidance Conflict
Conflicts
Created when incompatible response tendencies is aroused.

Stems from rival motivations.

When person must choose between incompatible or contradictory

needs, desires, motives, wishes, or external demands
 Approach-Approach Conflicts

Easiest to resolve; both options are positive, desirable.

(e.g., choosing between a new BMW or Mercedes)
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
Choice between two negative alternatives
Often indecisive because we are searching for a desirable option,
usually choose the best of bad alternatives
Freezing is a common reaction, also leaving the field to escape
decision is common
e.g., Rey John must wash the dirty dishes or face parental ire or
John Paul must perform a job he hates doing or go hungry.
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
Person is caught being attracted to and repelled by the same goal or
activity
Ambivalence mixed emotions
Situation contains two elements: very desirable and undesirable or
disadvantageous
e.g., James Mark enjoys studying General Psychology but he looks
forward to vacation.
Multiple Conflicts
Most of lifes conflicts that cause stress contain multiple
alternatives, each with positive and negative features
People often vacillate waver between the choices
People will say they chose based on a gut feeling, but consciously
and subconsciously they have effectively analyzed the choices and
made a decision
 Case example:

Javeh won a beauty contest and given the opportunity to start

a movie career or to travel abroad but is strongly attached to her
boyfriend and family. The goals are exclusive. She wants both, but
cannot have both
Case example:

Joanna likes to eat ice cream and chocolates but she does not want
to get stout and be fat. She always buy ice cream and chocolates but
she let her boyfriend eat it for her.
Aaron does not want to dance/perform in front of many people but
he needs to earn money to send his children to school.
APPROACH APPROACH / APPROACH AVOIDANCE / AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE / MULTIPLE CONFLICT

(case analysis)
1. EDDIE was accepted by two colleges; they are both equally ranked. One is close to
your home so you would not have to move, but it is extremely expensive. The other is
far from your home but it is affordable.

2. There are two dresses that RHENA wants to buy, but she only have money for one.

3. MICKOY is going to school and he hates living with his parents, but, if he leaves
home, he will have to get a job to pay for his school and rent.

4. KATHLYN is pregnant, although she knows she is not able to care for the baby, she is
completely against abortion, but her parents tell her that if she does have the baby she
will be thrown out of the house.

5.You have just managed to rent your dream apartment, but your work has offered you a
high paying job that will move you to another country for six months. If you take the
job, you will have to give up the apartment.
A. Approach-approach conflict - as when a youth has to choose between two
attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great
distress.
B. Approach-avoidance conflict - occur when there is one goal or event
that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal
appealing and unappealing simultaneously. For example, marriage is a momentous
decision that has both positive and negative aspects.
C. Avoidance-avoidance conflict - whereby one must choose between two more
or less equally undesirable or unattractive goals.
D. Double Approach Avoidance Conflict - the individual frequently is faced with
having to choose between two (or more) goals, each of which has both attracting and
repelling aspects. Since the tendency is to approach and avoid each of the goals.
89. People who rate high on the personality trait of __________________ tend to
be upbeat, optimistic, and sociable.

A. Introversion
B. Extraversion
C. Neuroticism
D. Psychotcism
A. Introversion - is one of the major personality traits identified in many theories
of personality. People who are introverted tend to be inward turning, or focused
more on internal thoughts, feelings and moods rather than seeking out external
stimulation.
B. Extraversion - is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality
theory. It indicates how outgoing and social a person is. A person who scores high in
extraversion on a personality test is the life of the party.
C. Neuroticism - is a long-term tendency to be in a negative emotional state.
People with neuroticism tend to have more depressed moods - they suffer from
feelings of guilt, envy, anger, and anxiety more frequently and more severely than
other individuals.
D. Psychotcism - is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans
Eysenck in his PEN model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of
personality. Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and
interpersonal hostility.
90. According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are:

A. repression and denial

B. repression and reaction formation
C. denial and distortion
D. regression and suppression
A. repression and denial - mechanism by which feelings or memories are kept out of
the consciousness. It is the process of forgetting, squelching an impulse or feeling, or
"to reject painful or disagreeable ideas, memories, feelings or impulses from the
conscious mind."
B. repression and reaction formation - when a feeling is hidden and forced from the
consciousness to the unconscious because it is seen as socially unacceptable. ...
Reaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person
to behave, "often exaggerated and obsessive".
C. denial and distortion the idea that you need help and you are starting to
realize it. Still, you do not want to give up on the distorted belief that others are at
fault and not you.
D. regression and suppression - also known as dis-associative amnesia, is similar to
suppression but it involves unconsciously forgetting or blocking some unpleasant
thoughts, feelings and impulses. Individuals might use repression to become
unconscious about traumatic past memories.
91. What is the part of the personality that compels people to act in perfect
accordance with moral ideals?

A. The id
B. The superego
C. The pleasure principle
D. The reality principle
A. The id - is the disorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic,
instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. It is the
source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and
aggressive drives. The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force
that is unresponsive to the demands of reality
B. The superego - reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly taught by parents
applying their guidance and influence. Freud developed his concept of the super-ego from an
earlier combination of the ego ideal and the "special psychical agency which performs the
task of seeing that narcissistic satisfaction from the ego ideal is ensured...what we call our
'conscience'."
C. The pleasure principle - is the driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification of
all needs, wants, and urges. In other words, the pleasure principle strives to fulfill our most
basic and primitive urges, including hunger, thirst, anger, and sex.
D. The reality principle - is the exact opposite of the pleasure principle (which seeks
immediate gratification). One is looked upon as more mature when they are acting in
accordance with reality.
92. Feelings of isolation, Horney said, stem from

A. early childhood rejection by parents.

B. peer rejection in adolescence.
C. lack of courage or assertiveness.
D. an overly competitive society.
Culture

Emphasizes competition among individuals

The basic hostility that emerges from competition results in feelings of
isolation
These feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile world lead to
intensified needs for affection, which cause people to overvalue love
As a result, many people see love and affection as the solution for their
problems
Genuine love can be a healthy, growth producing experience but the
desperate need for love provides a fertile ground for the development of
neuroses
93. To improve their ability to predict, personality psychologists have developed a
number of assessment techniques, including personality inventories. For these
instruments to be useful, they must

A. be both reliable and valid;

B. measure observable behaviors;
C. be subject to individual and group administration;
D. have as many subscales as possible.
94. The symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion
of our experience is Rogerss definition of
A. awareness
B. the actualizing tendency
C. the formative tendency
D. self-actualization
A. awareness - is the ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be
cognizant of events. More broadly, it is the state of being conscious of something.
B. the actualizing tendency - Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one
basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize - i.e. to fulfill one's potential and
achieve the highest level of 'human-beingness' we can.
C. the formative tendency - the basic tendency for all organic matter to evolve
into more complex forms. The universe is constantly expanding.
D. self-actualization - is the final stage of development in Abraham Maslow's
hierarchy of needs. This stage occurs when a person is able to take full advantage of
his or her talents while still being mindful of his or her limitations.
95. Psychologists who advocated the trait apporach to personality. His research led to
the development of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionaire, one of the most
widely used psychological tests for assessing personality.

A. Hans Eysenk
B. Albert Bandura
C. Raymond Cattell
D. Carl Rogers
A. Hans Eysenk the personality is based on three dimensions: introversion vs.
extroversion, neuroticism vs. stability, and psychoticism vs. socialization.
B. Albert Bandura - posits that people learn from one another, via observation,
imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between
behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention,
memory, and motivation.
C. Raymond Cattell - He is perhaps best know for developing the 16FP, or 16
personality continuum, which is a theory of personality that suggests most of our
personalities fall along a continuum of 16 common traits.
D. Carl Rogers - is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as "the
organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". The self is the
humanistic term for who we really are as a person.
96. In essence, what is the goal of psychologically healthy persons, according to Carl
Jung?

A. to learn to love his fellow men;

B. to develop social interest;
C. to achieve individuation, wholeness, and self realization;
D. to uncover sources of conflict and be self-renewed.
97. According to Adler, unconscious thoughts and behaviors are
A. essential to healthy psychological functioning.
B. understood only by the individual who has them.
C. regarded as helpful but not essential to healthy psychological functioning.
D. not clearly understood by the individual.
Mental Health

A feeling of human connectedness and a willingness to develop oneself fully and

contribute to the welfare of others are the main criteria of mental health. When these
qualities are underdeveloped, feelings of inferiority may haunt an individual, or an
attitude of superiority may antagonize others. Consequently, the unconscious fictional
goal will be self-centered and emotionally or materially exploitive of other people.
When the feeling of connectedness and the willingness to contribute are stronger, a
feeling of equality emerges, and the individual's goal will be self-transcending and
beneficial to others.
98. In Jungian psychology, introverted thinking types
A. would not react to external stimuli.
B. would find their interpretation of an event more important than the
"facts."
C. base their decisions primarily on objective phenomena.
D. are concerned only with subjective phenomena because they have no contact with
the external world.
Introverted sensation is subjectively filtered. Perception is not based directly on the object, but is
merely suggested by it. Instead, layers of subjective impressions are superimposed upon the image so
that it becomes impossible to determine what will be perceived from a knowledge only of the object.
Perception thus depends crucially upon internal psychological processes that will differ from one
person to the next. At its most positive, introverted sensation is found in the creative artist. At its
most extreme, it produces psychotic hallucinations and a total alienation from reality.

The introverted sensation type reacts subjectively to events in a way that is unrelated to objective
criteria. Often this is seen as an inappropriate and uncalled-for overreaction. Because objects
generally fail to penetrate directly the veil of subjective impressions, this type may seem neutral or
indifferent to objective reality. Alternatively, the person may perceive the world as illusory or
amusing. In extreme (psychotic) cases, this may result in an inability to distinguish illusion from
reality. The subjective world of archaic images may then come to dominate consciousness completely,
so that the person lives in a private, mythological realm of fantasy. Repressed intuition may also be
expressed in vaguely imagined threats or an apprehension of sinister possibilities.
99. Erikson (1974) defined psychohistory as the study of individual and collective
life with the combined methods of psychoanalysis and history.

A. the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of
psychoanalysis and theology
B. the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of
psychoanalysis and science
C. the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of
psychoanalysis and social science
D. the study of individual and collective life with the combined
methods of psychoanalysis and history
100. It refers to the strengthening or weakening of a connection between a stimulus
and a response as a result of the consequence of the response.
A. Law of Effect
B. Law of Readiness
C. Law of Exercise
D. Incremental Learning
A. Law of Effect - is a psychological principle advanced by Edward Thorndike in 1905
on the matter of behavioral conditioning (not yet formulated as such) which states
that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more
likely to occur again in that situation
B. Law of Readiness - to act, which facilitates the strengthening of the bond between
stimulus and response. Thus, an athlete who is highly motivated and eager to learn is
more likely to be receptive to learning than one who is poorly motivated.
C. Law of Exercise it states that, in learning, the more frequently a stimulus and
response are associated with each other, the more likely the particular response will
follow the stimulus. The law implies that one learns by doing and one cannot learn a
skill, for instance, by watching others.
D. Incremental Learning - is a machine learning paradigm where the learning
process takes place whenever new example(s) emerge and adjusts what has been
learned according to the new example(s).