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Planning Data

Analysis
Planning for Analysis

Type of Type of
Data Formatting

Type of
Analysis
Quantifying Data
Before we can do any kind of analysis, we need to
quantify our data

Quantification is the process of converting data to


a numeric format
Quantifying Data
Some transformations are simple:
Assign numeric representations to nominal or
ordinal variables:
Turning male into 1 and female into 2
Assigning 3 to Very Interested, 2 to Somewhat
Interested, 1 to Not Interested
Assign numeric values to continuous variables:
Turning born in 1990 to 25
Number of children = 02
Coding Quantitative Data
Goal reduce a wide variety of information to a
more limited set of variable attributes:
What is your occupation?
Use pre-established scheme: Lecturer, Teacher, Physician,
Nurse, etc.
Create a scheme after reviewing the data
Assign value to each category in the scheme: Lecturer = 1,
Teacher = 2, etc.
Classify the response: working at education field is lecturer
teacher and is coded as 1
Coding example
Variable SPSS variable name Coding instructions

Identification number ID Number assigned to each


survey
Sex Sex 1 = Males 2 = Females
Age Age Age in years
Marital status Marital 1 = single 2 = steady
relationship 3 = married for
the first time 4 = remarried
5 = divorced/separated 6 =
widowed
Optimism Scale op1 to op6 Enter the number circled
from items 1 to 6 1
(strongly disagree) to 5
(strongly agree)
Ch 15 7
Coding Quantitative Data
Points to remember:
If the data are coded to maintain a good amount of
detail, they can always be combined (reduced) later
However, if you start off with too little detail, you cant
get it back
If youre using a survey / questionnaire, its a good idea
to do your coding on the form so that it can be entered
properly
Entering Data
Make sure you have your codebook ready.
In Excel or Access
In SPSS
Converting to both
Data Cleaning
GOOD INPUT = GOOD OUTPUT
The data screening process :
Step 1: Checking for errors. First, you need to check
each of your variables for scores that are out of range
(i.e. not within the range of possible scores).
Step 2: Finding and correcting the error in the data
file. Second, you need to find where in the data file
this error occurred (i.e. which case is involved) and
correct or delete the value.
Data Cleaning
Always cek :
- Max & min
- Valid & missing cases
- Mean (for continuous data)

Do they make sense????


Data Cleaning
How to correct?
- Check the original data
- Go back to respondent
- Use data editor

See case summaries in SPSS, check whether or not it


is cleaned
Dont forget: reversing negatively worded item
Data Cleaning
Imputations :
Deterministic where only one correct value
exists. A value is thus determined from other values
on the same questionnaire.
Model based use of averages, medians, etc. to
impute a value.
Deck A donor questionnaire is used to supply the
missing value.
Types of Statistical
Analyses Used in
Quantitative
Statistical Analysis:Research
Types of Statistical
Analyses Used in
Quantitative Research
Types of Statistical Analysis:
1. Descriptive analysis: used to describe
the data set
2. Inferential analysis: used to generate
conclusions about the populations
characteristics based on the sample data
Types of Statistical
Analyses Used in
Quantitative Research
3. Differences analysis: used to compare
the mean of the responses of one group
to that of another group
4. Associative analysis: determines the
strength and direction of relationships
between two or more variables
5. Predictive analysis
Understanding Data Via
Descriptive Analysis
Two sets of descriptive measures:
Measures of central tendency: used to
report a single piece of information that
describes the most typical response to a
question
Measures of variability: used to reveal the
typical difference between the values in a
set of values
Understanding Data Via
Descriptive Analysis
Measures of Central Tendency:
Mode: the value in a string of numbers that
occurs most often
Median: the value whose occurrence lies in
the middle of a set of ordered values
Mean: sometimes referred to as the
arithmetic mean; the average value
characterizing a set of numbers
Understanding Data Via
Descriptive Analysis
Measures of Variability:
Frequency distribution reveals the number (percent) of
occurrences of each number or set of numbers
Range identifies the maximum and minimum values in a
set of numbers
Standard deviation indicates the degree of variation in a
way that can be translated into a bell-shaped curve
distribution
Normal distribution
(mesokurtosis) with
associated SD
When to Use a Particular
Statistic

Ch 15 23
Bivariate analysis
Test of difference between
means (compare groups)
Level of 1 group 2 group > 2 groups
Measurement

Related Independent
Non
parametrik
Nominal Chi square Chi square Chi square Chi square
Fisher exact
Ordinal Kolmogorof Sign test Chi square Chi square
smirnov Wilcoxon Median test
Mann whitney U
Parametrik
Interval / ratio Correlated t Correlated t Independet t ANOVA
Anova ANOVA ANCOVA
MANOVA
Tests of association
Level of measurement 2 variables >2 variables
Non parametric
nominal Phi coefficient Contingeny coefficient
Point biserial
ordinal Kendalls tau Discriminant function
Spearman rho analysis
Parametric
Interval rasio Pearson r Multiple regression
Path analysis
Canonical correlation

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