Chapter 5

Data Presentation Elements

 Goals

Reviewing types of data presentation elements in

wide current use and the factors influencing choice.
The principles and characteristics of analogue and
digital displays, recorders and printers will be
discussed.
 Data Presentation Elements
The data presentation element is the final element in the measurement
system.
Communicate the measured value of the variable to a human observer.
It is important that the measured value is presented as clearly and
easily as possible
Observation error depends on many factors
Distance of the element from the observer
Ambient lighting
Eyesight, patience and skill of the observer
 Classification of Data Presentation Elements

Data presentation elements

Displays Recorders/printers

Digital
-LED - Chart recorder
Analogue
-CRT - Paperless recorder
-pointer- scale indicator
-LCD - Laser printer
-EL
Pointer-scale indicators
 Pointer-scale indicators
These are analogue display devices. shows simplified diagrams and
an equivalent circuit for a moving coil indicator connected to a
Thvenin signal source E and R .

Deflection Torque

Restoring Torque

Unbalanced Torque on the

coil

Total Current
 Pointer-scale indicators
Total back e.m.f of the coil

Unbalanced Torque

Standard second order form

Pointer-scale indicators
 LED Displays
When a semiconductor diode is forward biased, a
current flows, which depends exponentially on the
forward voltage
 LED Displays
Character format is an array of segments or dots, these elements
are referred to as pixels.
LED Displays
 Cathode ray tube displays
Cathode ray tubes are used to create large-scale displays. These devices are often
referred to as monitors. A visual display unit (VDU) is a combination of a CRT
display and a keyboard.
Cathode ray tube displays
 LCD displays
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) do not emit light but use light incident
on them from external sources. Consequently LCDs use significantly
less power (microwatts) than LEDs (milliwatts).
 LCD displays
As the orientation of the molecules changes so there is a
corresponding rotation of the plane of polarisation of the incident
light.
An applied electric field can alter both the orientation of the
molecules and the plane of polarisation of the light, thus creating
light and dark areas.
 Electroluminescence displays
When a voltage is applied across a phosphor material, light is
emitted. This effect is called electroluminescence. A typical
electroluminescent phosphor material is zinc sulphide doped with
small amounts of metals.

The metals being chosen according to the required colour. For

example, an amber color light with peak wavelength =580 nm is
emitted if the zinc sulphide is doped with manganese and copper.

Electroluminescent displays consist of a matrix of pixels,

where each pixel is a phosphor element which can be switched on
and off by an applied voltage.
Electroluminescence displays
 Chart recorders
These provide a continuous record, on paper, of the
time variation of measured variables.
Paperless recorders
The time variation of measured variables can be
recorded without paper using a combination of LCD
color display and digital archive memory.
Laser/Thermal printers
The printer receives input data in parallel digital form
For characters this could be in ASCII format for graphics it
will be in vector format, where geometrical shapes are
encoded into numerical values.
 QUESTIONS ARE ALWAYS
GURANTEED BUT MAY NOT BE
HOLD FOR ANSWERS!!
THANK YOU