MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Finite Element Analysis of 2-D Problems

 2-D Discretization

Common 2-D elements:

 2-D Model Problem with Scalar Function
- Heat Conduction
Governing Equation
T ( x, y ) T ( x, y )
Q( x, y ) 0 in W
x x y y

Weak Form of 2-D Model Problem -----

0= + ,

+

 2-D Model Problem with Scalar Function
- Heat Conduction

Boundary Conditions
Dirichlet BC: Temperature is prescribed

Natural BC: Norm flux is prescribed

Mixed BC: A linear combination of temperature

and norm flux is prescribed

Heat flux in 2D: = = +

Outward normal flux: = = =
+


 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions
Step 1: Discretization linear triangular element
T1
T T11 T22 T33

x2 y3 x3 y2 x3 y1 x1 y3
1 x y 2
1 x y
T2 1 y2 y3 y3 y1
T3 2 Ae x x 2 Ae x x
3 2 1 3

x1 y2 x2 y1
3
1 x y
y1 y2
2 Ae x x
2 1

Interpolation properties Local support properties

i 1 at ith node i 0 at any point located on the edge

i 0 at other nodes that does not contain the ith node
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions
linear triangular element area coordinates
T1 x2 y3 x3 y2
1
1 x y A1
2 3
y y
A3 2 Ae x x Ae
A2 3 2
A1
T2
x3 y1 x1 y3
T3
2
1 x y A2
y3 y1
2 Ae x x Ae
1 3

x1 y2 x2 y1
3
1 x y A3
1 2
y y
2 Ae x x Ae
2 1

3
2
1
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Shape Functions

Requirements of Shape Functions:

Interpolation conditions: takes a unit value at the ith node, and is zero
at all other nodes
Local support conditions: is zero at an edge that does not include the
ith node.
Interelement compatibility conditions: satisfy continuity conditions
between adjacent elements over any element boundary that include the ith
node.
Completeness condition: the interpolation is able to represent exactly any
displacement field which is a polynomial in x and y with the order of the
interpolation function.
Formulation of 2-D 4-Node Rectangular Element
Bi-linear Element
Let u ( , ) 1u1 2u2 3u3 4u4

1 1 1 2 1
a b a b

3 4 1
ab ab

Note: The local node numbers should be arranged in a counter-clockwise sense. Otherwise, the area
Of the element would be negative and the stiffness matrix cannot be formed.

1 2 4
3
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Element Equation
Weak Form of 2-D Model Problem -----

0= + , +


Assume approximation: , =
=1

and let w(x,y)=i(x,y) as before, then

=1 =1
0= + , +

=
=1

i j i j
where Kij dxdy
We
x x y y
 FEM Implementation of 2-D Heat
Conduction Element Equation for Linear
Triangular Element

=
=1

T1 l232 l23 l31 l23 l12

K l23 l31 l31 l31 l12
2

4 Ae 2
T2
l l
23 12 31 12
l l l12
T3
is the length vector from the ith node to the jth node

Q1 q1 =

Q2 q2
F
Q q
3 3
=

 Assembly of Stiffness Matrices


= =
=1

1 1 1 2 2
1 = 1 , 2 = 2 , 3 = 3 , 4 = 2 , 5 = 3 ,
 Imposing Boundary Conditions
The meaning of qi: the heat transported through the ith node coming from the normal heat flux
of the two sides that are connected to this node.
q1(1) n 1 ds qn(1)1(1) ds qn(1)1(1) ds qn(1)1(1) ds
(1) (1)
(1)

3 q
3 1 (1) (1) (1)
(1) h12 h23 h31

1
1
1
(1)
qn(1)1(1) ds qn(1)1(1) ds
(1)
Because of the local support
property of 1 .
2 h12 h31
(1) 2

q2(1) n 2 ds qn(1)2(1) ds qn(1)2(1) ds qn(1)2(1) ds
(1) (1)
q
1 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 (1)
h31

(1)
3 3

(1)
qn(1)2(1) ds qn(1)2(1) ds
(1)
Because of the local support
property of 2 .
h12 h23

q3(1) n 3 ds qn(1)3(1) ds qn(1)3(1) ds qn(1)3(1) ds

(1) (1)
1 q
1 (1)
h12 (1)
h23 (1)
h31
(1)
1
qn(1)3(1) ds qn(1)3(1) ds
2
(1) Because of the local support
2 (1)
h23 (1)
h31 property of 3 .
 Imposing Boundary Conditions
Consider q2 q q (1)
2
(2)
1
q3 q3(1) q4(2)

q (1)
2 q ds q ds
(1) (1)
n 2
(1) (1)
n 2
q1(2)
( 2)
qn(2)1(2) ds
( 2)
qn(2)1(2) ds
(1)
h12 (1)
h23 h12 h41

q (1)
3 q ds q ds
(1) (1)
n 3
(1) (1)
n 3
q4(2)
( 2)
qn(2)4(2) ds
( 2)
qn(2)4(2) ds
(1)
h23 (1)
h31 h34 h41

Equilibrium of flux: qn(1) (1)

qn(2) (2)
h23 h41

FEM implementation:

(1)
qn(1)2(1) ds
( 2)
qn(2)1(2) ds;
(1)
qn(1)3(1) ds
( 2)
qn(2)4(2) ds
h23 h41 h23 h41

q2 qn(1)2(1) ds qn(2)1(2) ds q3
(1)
qn(1)3(1) ds qn(2)4(2) ds
( 2)
(1)
h12 ( 2)
h12 h31 h34
 Calculating the q Vector
Example:
qn 0
T 293K

qn 1
 2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example
A D
AB: qn 0
CD: convection h 50W T 25o C
m C
2 o

DA and BC: T 180 Co

0.6 m
= 1.5 Wm C

C
B
0.4 m
Connectivity Table
y
= 180
5 1 4 Element Local 1 Local 2 Local 3
1 3
2 3
1 1 2 3
= 0
1 2 5 1 3
1 x
1 2 3 5 3 4
= 0
 2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example

Element equations:

1.5 0.152 0.152 0 0.28125 0.28125 0

(1)
= 0.152 0.152 + 0.42 0.4 2 = 0.28125 2.28125 2.0
4 0.5 0.4 0.15
0 0.42 0.42 0 2.0 2.0
1.14 0.86 0.28125
(2)
= 0.86 1.14 0.28125
0.28125 0.28125 0.5625

0.28125 0 0.28125
(3)
= 0 2.0 2.0
0.28125 2.0 2.28125

Global stiffness matrix:

1.42125 0.28125 0.28125 0 0.86

0.28125 2.28125 2 0 0
= 0.28125 2 4.5625 2 0.28125
0 0 2 2.28125 0.28125
0.86 0 0.28125 0.28125 1.42125
 2-D Steady-State Heat Conduction - Example

Load vector:

= 0
0
0.15
1 1 1 1
2 25 = 2 2 2 + 3 3 25
23 0
1
0.15 0.3
2 3
1
2 2
1
+ 3 3
1
25 +
3 3 3
2 3 2 + 4 3 25
= 3 = 0 0.15
4 0.3 0
3 3 3 3
5 2 3 2 + 4 3 25 + 3
0.15 0.4
0
3
1
0.4

Final solution:
1 124.5
2 = 34.0
3 45.4