BELL RINGER 8/25/17

1) What is the organization of an atom?

2) Explain the findings of Rutherford during
his Gold Foil Experiment.
3) Hypothesize on what you believe the
purpose of the periodic table is.
4) How are you going to succeed in this
class?
THE STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM
REAL WORLD CONNECTION

What do fingerprints and protons

have in common?
They both serve in identification.
STANDARD
SC1b. Construct an argument to support the claim that the
proton (and not the neutron or electron) defines the
elements identity.
SC1f. Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
relative properties of elements based on the patterns of
electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (i.e.
including atomic radii, ionization energy, and
electronegativity).
LEARNING TARGET

I can identify the structure of the atom and explain their

functions.
I can explain how the proton defines an elements identity.
I can describe the trends within the periodic table.
 Electron
Cloud
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nucleus

Atoms are composed of 2

regions:
Nucleus: center of atom that
contains mass of atom
Electron cloud: region that
surrounds nucleus that contains
most of space in atom
WHATS IN THE NUCLEUS?

Nucleus contains 2 of 3
subatomic particles:
Protons: subatomic particle w/ +1
charge (p+)
Mass = 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
Neutrons: subatomic particle w/ no
charge (no)
Mass = 1 amu
WHATS IN THE ELECTRON
CLOUD?

The 3rd subatomic particle resides

outside nucleus in electron cloud
Electron: subatomic particle w/ -1
charge (e-) and virtually no mass
Mass = O amu
HOW DO THESE PARTICLES
INTERACT?
Protons and neutrons live compacted in
tiny nucleus
most atoms mass
electrons small and reside outside
nucleus
small mass (2000 e- = 1 p+ or no)
occupy large volume of space outside
nucleus

Atoms
HOW DO THE SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES BALANCE EACH
OTHER?
In atoms:
protons = electrons
If 20 protons are present in atom then 20
electrons balance overall charge of atom
atoms are neutral
The neutrons have no charge; therefore
they do not need to (and often times
dont) equal protons or electrons
 HOW DO WE KNOW THE NUMBER
OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES IN
AN ATOM?
Atomic #: indicates # of protons in
atom
Ex: Hydrogens atomic # is 1
hydrogen has 1 proton
Ex: Carbons atomic # is 6
carbon has 6 protons
**Number of protons identifies element
similar to how your fingerprint IDs you.
Ex. 2 protons = He, 29 protons = Cu
ALWAYS!!
HOW DO WE KNOW THE NUMBER
OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES IN
AN ATOM?
Mass number: number of protons and
neutrons in nucleus (p+ + no)
Ex: hydrogen can have a mass # of 3.
Since it has 1 proton it must have 2
neutrons

# of neutrons = mass # - atomic #

 DETERMINING THE NUMBER
OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

Li has mass # of 7 and atomic # of 3

Protons = 3 (same as atomic #)
Neutrons= 7-3 = 4 (mass # - atomic #)

Ne has a mass # of 20 and an atomic # of 10

Protons = 10
Neutrons = 20 - 10= 10
 WHAT ABOUT THE
ELECTRONS?
electrons are equal to protons
So e- = p+ = atomic #
Ex: He has mass # of 4 and atomic
# of 2
p+ = 2
no = 2
e- = 2

Basic Atomic Structure 1:57

DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES IN THE
FOLLOWING:
Chlorine has a mass # of 35 and an
atomic # of 17
p+ = 17, no = 18, e- = 17

Potassium has a mass # of 39 and an

atomic # of 19
P+ = 19, no = 20 e- = 19
SO WHY DONT ELECTRONS DEFINE
AN ELEMENT IF THEY ARE EQUAL TO
THE NUMBER OF PROTONS?
Electrons can be transferred to/from or shared with other
atoms of elementstherefore the electron number wont
ALWAYS be the same. The number of protons will always
remain consistent.
Ex. Hydrogen (H) has 1 proton. If you add one more, it will have two
and the atomic number will change. If the atomic number changes,
then it will become a totally different element. H plus 1 more proton
will turn it into Helium, (He).
PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table organizes the elements in a particular

way. A great deal of information about an element can be
gathered from its position in the period table.
For example, you can predict with reasonably good
accuracy the physical and chemical properties of the
element.You can also predict what other elements a
particular element will react with chemically.
Understanding the organization and plan of the periodic
table will help you obtain basic information about each of
the 118 known elements.
KEY TO THE PERIODIC TABLE

Different periodic
tables can include
various bits of
information, but usually:
atomic number
symbol
atomic mass
number of valence
electrons
state of matter at
room temperature.
 ACROSS THE PERIODIC TABLE
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)
These elements have the same number of shells.

1 18
IA VIIIA
2 13 14 15 16 17
1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2nd Period
2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

5
6th Period
6

7
 DOWN THE PERIODIC TABLE
Groups: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18
or 1-8 A,B)

These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the
valence shell.
1 18
IA VIIIA
2 Alkali Family: 13 14 15 16 17
1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 e- in the valence shell
2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4
Halogen Family:
5 7 e- in the valence shell

7
ATOMIC RADII TREND

The atomic radius of an element is the average distance

between its atoms nucleus and outermost electron.
Atomic radii decrease from left to right across a period in
the periodic table.
It increases from top to bottom in a group or family.
THE PERIODIC TABLE AND
ATOMIC RADIUS
 IONIZATION ENERGY

Ionization energy is the

amount of energy needed
to remove an electron
from a gaseous atom.
When electrons are moved,
positive and negative ions
form.
Positive ion (cation) A+
removal of electron
Negative ion (anion) ---A-
addition of electron
IONIZATION ENERGY

First ionization energy, I1, is the energy required

to remove the first electron from neutral atom
Second ionization energy, I2, is the energy
required to remove the second electron from a
+1 ion
Greater the I. E., the more difficult to remove
the electron
I1< I2 < I3 < I4
With each removal, the ion becomes more positive
Strengthens nucleuss hold on its electrons
RELATIONSHIP B/W ATOMIC RADII
& IONIZATION ENERGY
They are inversely related
As atomic radii increases, ionization energy decreases
As atoms gain more electrons, they get bigger, thus their atomic radii
increases
HOWEVER, since theyve gained more electrons and those
outermost electrons are further away from the nucleus.
This makes the electrons more likely to get taken away from
that atom since the positive charge isnt attracting them as
strongly.
CHECKPOINT #1

1) Gold (Au) has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic

mass of 197. How many of each subatomic particle does
its atom have?
2) Potassium (K) is in period 4, thus, having 4 shells of
electrons. In which shell would it take the most energy to
remove the electron from its atom?
3) What is the relationship between the atomic radii and
ionization energy?
ELECTRONEGATIVITY

The ability of an atom in a bond to pull an electron closer to it.

Polarity distribution of electrical charge of an atom (one side will have more
electrons than another)
When electrons are shared by two atoms a covalent bond is formed.

When the atoms are the same they pull on the electrons equally.
Example, H-H.
This is known as a NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND

When the atoms are different, the atoms pull on the electrons
unevenly. Example, HCl
This is known as a POLAR COVALENT BOND
ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF
SOME ELEMENTS
Element Pauling scale
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
O 3.5
N 3.0
S 2.5
C 2.5
H 2.1
Na 0.9
Cs 0.7
SUMMARY

Ionization energy increases

Electronegativity increases
Atomic radius decreases
Atomic Radius decreases
Ionization energy increases
Electronegativity increases
TASK FOR THE DAY

You are to create a new element that will be added to the

periodic table or replace an existing element. First, you
must come up with a name and its origin and then create
its square for the periodic table. On the back of the square,
you must draw the model of the atom. Be sure to include
the correct amount of protons (and explain why they
define your element), neutrons, and electrons. After
creating its drawing, explain where it falls within the
periodic table in relation to the trends (describe its
ionization energy, atomic radii, and electronegativity).
ASSIGNMENT BREAKDOWN

Element Name
Periodic Table square
Origin
Proton significance
Periodic Table Trends
Atomic radii
Ionization energy Explain how their
Electronegativity placement on the periodic table
contribute
TICKET OUT THE DOOR

Describe the structure of the atom.

Explain how a proton identifies an element and not the
electron.
Summarize the trends within the periodic table.
BELL RINGER 8/28/17

1) Is there a relationship between atomic radii and

electronegativity? If so, explain.
2) What is the difference between polar and
nonpolar bonds?
3) An anion is an ion that has _______ electrons,
whereas, a cation is an ion that has ______
electrons.