FRESHMAN

B
REVIEW
Ren Alejandro Vega Vsquez
Simple Present
 Positive and Negative Sentence
To form the negative we use the auxiliarydo not.
Again, the only variation occurs in the 3rd person
where we use does not.

Positive Negative
I talk I do not talk
She talks Shedoes nottalk
You sleep You do not sleep
He sleeps Hedoes notsleep
Carol studies Caroldoes notstudy
We study We do not study
 Questions
To make questions in simple present we use the
auxiliar do for I You We They and the auxiliar
does for He She It
DO + Subject + Verb? / Does + Subject +
Verb?
Positive Question
I talk Do I talk?
She talks Does she talks?
You sleep Do you sleep?
He sleeps Does he sleep?
Carol studies Does Carol study?
We study Do we study?
This That /
These Those
This that indicate the location of
something
When is far, we use that:

That boy

When is near, we use this:

This boy
Affirmative
 Negative

This is not a That is not a

dog bird

This is not a lion That is not a

tiger
 Question

Is this a duck? Is that a bird?

Is this a lion? Is that a cat?

These those indicate the location of
something (Plural)

When is near, we use these:

These boxes

When is far, we use those:

Those boxes
Affirmative
 Negative

These are not Those are not

dogs birds

These are not

Those are not
lions
tigers
 Question

Are these ducks? Are those

monkeys?

Are these lions?

Are those tigers?
PREPOSITIONS
 ON
We useonwhen we refer to a position on a surface
(on the table, on the ocean, on the moon, on the
roof, on the bus):

Your keys areonthe table.

The men were standingonthe roof.

 In
In tells us the noun is in an enclosed space
(surround or closed off on all sides). Basically,
when something is inside something.

In a box.

In a room.
 OBJECT
PRONOUNS
An object pronoun, also called objective pronoun,
functions as the object of a verb or preposition, as
distinguished from a subject or subjective pronoun,
which is the subject of a verb.
 Bobtookherto work last Monday.

Willyoupleasetellthemto come in?

Hetoldyoua lie about where he was on

Saturday.

Ourgrandparentsgaveuscandy and our teeth

are just fine.

Dana is teaching English to him

PREPOSITION: INSIDE,
OUTSIDE, WITH,
WITHOUT
 INSIDE

The blue circle is inside the square

The cat is inside the house
The bird is inside the cage
 OUTSIDE

The blue circle is outside the square

The cat is outside the house
The bird is outside the cage
 With / Without

With glasses Without glasses

With beard Without beard
With my best friend Without my best friend
 Prepositions
(Place / Time)
ADVERBS
TO BE + GERUND
(PRESENT
CONTINUOUS)
 What is an Gerund?
We have different forms of the verb, one of them
is the gerund form which is basically the verb with
-ing at the end.

Infinitive Base Form Gerund

To be Be Being
To have Have Having
To watch Watch Watching
To see See Seeing
To cry Cry Crying
 Events at the time of speaking
We use the present continuous to talk about
events which are in progress at the moment of

speaking

I am / Im eating POSITIV We are / Were

listening
E
He is / Hes You are / Youre
watching Sleeping
She is / Shes You are / Youre
drinking playing

It is / Its moving

They are / Theyre

washing

Negativ
e

I am not / Im not We are not / We arent

listening fighting
You are not / You
He is not / He isnt arent jumping
buying You are not / You
She is not / She isnt
seeing arent running

They are not / They arent

It is not / It isnt flying talking
 ?
Questio
n

Yes, I am Yes, we are

Am I looking?No, Im not Are we seeing?No, we
arent
Is he changing? Are you speaking?
Yes, he is Yes, you are
Is she drawing? Are you going?
No, she No, you arent
isnt
Are they
Is it shaking? studying?
Yes, they are
Yes, it is No, they
No, it isnt arent
Verbs + Infinitives
 Verbs + Infinitives

A verb is usually followed by a noun (object), but it

can also be followed by another verb. When we
have two verbs together, the first one is
conjugated and the second one could be an
infinitive.
 What is an infinitive?
We have different forms of the verb, one of them
is the infinitive form which is basically the verb
with to before it.

Infinitive Base Form Present

To be Be am / is / are
To have Have Have/has
To watch Watch Watch/watches
To see See See/sees
To cry Cry Cry / cries
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
agree Tom agreed to help me.
appear His health appeared to be better.
arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
ask She asked to leave.
begin He began to talk.
can't bear He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.
care He doesn't care to participate in the activity.

cease The government ceased to provide free healthcare.

choose I chose to help.

claim She claimed to be a princess.

continue She continued to talk.
decide We decided to go to Hawaii.
demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
deserve He deserves to go to jail.
dread I dread to think what might happen.
expect They expect to arrive early.
fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to) Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?

happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.

hate He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem.

hope I hope to begin college this year.

intend We intend to visit you next spring.

learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.
like Samantha likes to read.
love We love to scuba dive.
manage He managed to open the door without the key.
need I need to study.
neglect She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan We plan to go to Europe this summer.
prefer He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
start Marge started to talk really fast.
swear She swore to tell the truth.
tend He tends to be a little shy.
threaten He threatened to leave forever.
try Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow He vowed to get revenge.
wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want I want to study Spanish.
wish I wish to stay.
would like We would like to start now.
yearn Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.
prepare They prepared to take the test.
pretend The child pretended to be a monster.
promise She promised to stop smoking.
propose Drew proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.
I regret to inform you that your application was
regret
rejected.
remember Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
Plural Nouns
In general the plural of a noun is formed by
adding -S to the noun.

Singular Plural

car cars
house houses
book books
bird birds
pencil pencils
When the noun ends in SS, SH, CH or X, we add -ES to
the noun.

Singular Plural

kiss kisses

wish wishes

match matches

box boxes

fox foxes

I have a box in my bedroom.

I have three boxes in my bedroom.

When the noun ends in a VOWEL + Y, we add -S
to the noun.

Singula
Plural
r
boy boys
holiday holidays
key keys
guy guys
When the noun ends in a CONSONANT + Y, we
remove Y and add -IES to the noun.

Singular Plural
party parties
lady ladies
story stories
nanny nannies
city cities
If the noun ends in F or FE, we remove the F/FE
and add -VES to the noun.
Singula
Plural
r
life lives

leaf leaves

thief thieves

wife wives
If the noun ends in IS, we change it to ES.

Singular Plural
analysis analyses
basis bases
crisis crises
There are a number of nouns that don't follow
these rules. They are irregular and you need to
learn them individually because they don't
normally have an S on the end.
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice
There are some nouns in English that are the
same in the singular and the plural.
Singular Plural
fish fish
sheep sheep
deer deer
moose moose
aircraft aircraft
Possessive
Pronouns
Possessive pronounsare used in English to avoid
repeating information that is already clear. In general it
makes the sentence less confusing because the same
information is not being repeated.

This book ismy book, notyour book. (Sounds repetitive)

This book ismine, notyours. (Mine and yours
arepossessive pronouns)

In the sentence,mineis a possessive pronoun that

replacesmy book.
In the sentence,yoursis a possessive pronoun that
replacesyour book.
Thepossessive pronounsin English are as
follows:
Possessive
Subject
Pronouns

I Mine
You Yours
He His
She Hers
It Its
We Ours
You (pl) Yours
They Theirs
ILLNESSESVOCABUL
ARY (ACHES AND
PAINS)
broken bones: bones that have been
fractured or broken and are usually set in a cast
to keep the bone in place while it heals.

backache: pain in the back.

heartburn: a painful feeling in the chestwhen

the bodyis having difficultydigesting food.
stomach ache / upset stomach (nauseous):
pain in the stomach / feeling like you might vomit
(throw up).

diarrhea: an illness where your body very

frequently passes waste in more of a liquid than
solid form.

toothache: a pain in the tooth.

neck ache: pain in the neck.

sore shoulder: pain in the shoulder muscle.

headache: pain in the head.

seasonal allergies: an allergic reaction to pollen
in the air. Symptoms include watery or itchy eyes
and nose, coughing, sneezing.

bruise: a dark area and painful area on the skin

where the body has been hurt.

dizziness / feeling dizzy: a feeling that

everything is turning around and that you might
fall down or feel nauseous.
have a fever / have a temperature: to have a
higher than normal bodytemperature.

sinus pressure:when the sinuses are swollen.

It is common to have a headache with the sinuses
are swollen.

bleed:to have blood coming out from a cut in

your body

bleeding: losing blood

dislocated:a bone out of its correct position

hurt: to cause someone pain, or to injure

someone or part of yourself

injured: to be wounded or harmed

cut: to use a knife or other sharp tool to divide
something or make a hole in something

sprained: an injury caused by twisting part of

your body
Countable
and
Uncountabl
e
 Countable
Some nouns refer to things which, in English, are
treated as separate items which can be counted.
These are called countable nouns. Here are some
examples:

acar, threecars
mycousin, my twocousins
abook, a box full ofbooks
acity, several bigcities
 Uncountable
In English grammar, some things are seen as a
whole or mass. These are called uncountable
nouns, because they cannot be separated or
counted.
Some examples of uncountable nouns are:

Ideas and experiences:advice, information, progress,

news, luck, fun, work

Materials and substances:water, rice, cement, gold, milk

Weather words:weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow

Names for groups or collections of things:furniture,

equipment, rubbish, luggage

Other common uncountable nouns

include:accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge,
money, permission, research, traffic, travel.
 QUANTITIES
EXPRESSIONS
 Many / Much
There are many expressions used to express large amounts in English. In
general, 'much' and 'many' are the standard quantifiers used to express large
quantities.

'Much' is used with uncountable nouns:

There is much interest in learning English around the world.

How much money do you have?
There isn't much butter left in the refrigerator.

'Many' is used with countable nouns:

There are many people who use the computer every day.
How many students live close to the school?
There aren't many books on that shelf.
 Few / Little
We usea littlewith singular uncountable nouns. We usea
fewwith plural countable nouns:

Mary said nothing, but she drank some tea and atea
littlebread.

We stayeda fewdays in Florence and visited the

museums.
 Some
We usesomebefore nouns to refer to indefinite quantities.
Although the quantity is not important or not defined,
usingsomeimplies a limited quantity:

Can you get mesomemilk?(The quantity isnt

specified.Somesuggests a normal amount, not an
unlimited amount. Compare:Can you get me five liters of
milk?)

Ive gotsomequestions for you

 Any
We useanybefore nouns to refer to indefinite or
unknown quantities or an unlimited entity:

Did you bringanybread?

Mr. Jacobson refused to answeranyquestions.

IfI were able to travel back toanyplace and

time in history, I would go to ancient China.
 No
No is a determiner. No indicate negation.
We usenodirectly before nouns:

Ive gotnotime to waste.

There arenopeople I recognize here.

She says she hasnofriends.

 There is
There are

?


?
INTENSIFIERS
Intensifiers are adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen
the meaning of other expressions and show emphasis. Words
that we commonly use as intensifiers
includeabsolutely,completely, extremely, highly, rather,
really, so, too, totally, utterly, veryandat all:

She wassoupset. I feltextremelysorry for her.

She has averystrict teacher.

Dont worktoohard. Sometimes youll get more done by

relaxing a bit.

I dont think she understood the topic and her essay

wasrathera mess.

Shesreallyoffended her sister.

At allis a very common intensifier with negative
expressions:

Are there no suitable DVDsat all?

Im afraid Im notat allinterested.

We also useon earthandeveras intensifiers withwh-words:

What on earthis he doing?(suggests disapproval)

Whydid Ieverinvite them to stay with us?(suggests that

there were problems)