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DIFFERENTIATION RULES
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
3.7
Rates of Change in the
Natural and Social Sciences
dt t 2
Symbolically,
m dm
lim
x 0 x dx
dm 1
0.50 kg / m
dx x 1 2 x x 1
PHYSICS Example 3
Q Q2 Q1
average current
t t2 t1
PHYSICS Example 3
If we take the limit of this average current over
smaller and smaller time intervals, we get
what is called the current I at a given time t1:
Q dQ
I lim
t 0 t dt
Thus, the current is the rate at which charge
flows through a surface.
It is measured in units of charge per unit time
(often coulombs per secondcalled amperes).
PHYSICS
Others include:
Power (the rate at which work is done)
Rate of heat flow
Temperature gradient (the rate of change of
temperature with respect to position)
Rate of decay of a radioactive substance in
nuclear physics
CHEMISTRY Example 4
A chemical reaction results in the formation
of one or more substances (products) from
one or more starting materials (reactants).
2H2 + O2 2H2O
1 d [ A] 1 d [ B] 1 d [C ] 1 d [ D]
a dt b dt c dt d dt
CHEMISTRY Example 4
dV 5.3
2
dP P 50 P P 50
5.3
2500
0.00212 m / kPa
3
CHEMISTRY Example 5
1 dV 0.00212
V dP P 50
5.3
50
0.02(m / kPa) / m
3 3
BIOLOGY Example 6
n f (t2 ) f (t1 )
average rate of growth
t t2 t1
INSTANTANEOUS RATE Example 6
The instantaneous rate of growth is obtained
from this average rate of growth by letting
the time period t approach 0:
n dn
growth rate lim
t 0 t dt
BIOLOGY Example 6
f (3) 2 f (2) 23 n0
and, in general,
f (t ) 2 n0
t
dx
dt dt
BIOLOGY Example 6
4 l
where is the viscosity of the blood and P
is the pressure difference between the ends
of the tube.
v dv
velocity gradient lim
r 0 r dr
BIOLOGY Example 7
dv P Pr
(0 2r )
dr 4l 2l
BIOLOGY Example 7
For one of the smaller human arteries,
we can take = 0.027, R = 0.008 cm,
l = 2 cm, and P = 4000 dynes/cm2.
4000
This gives: v (0.000064 r )
2
4(0.027)2
5
1.85 10 (6.4 10 r )
4 2
BIOLOGY Example 7
At r = 0.002 cm, the blood is flowing at:
6 6
v(0.002) 1.85 10 (64 10 4 10 )
4
1.11cm / s
dv 4000(0.002)
74(cm / s) / cm
dr r 0.002 2(0.027)2
BIOLOGY Example 7
To get a feeling of what this statement means,
lets change our units from centimeters to
micrometers (1 cm = 10,000 m).
C C ( x2 ) C ( x1 ) C ( x1 x) C ( x1 )
x x2 x1 x
MARGINAL COST Example 8
The limit of this quantity as x 0, that is,
the instantaneous rate of change of cost with
respect to the number of items produced,
is called the marginal cost by economists:
C dC
marginal cost = lim
x 0 x dx
ECONOMICS Example 8