GENERAL BIOLOGY

Dewi safitri (160341606086)

Firdaus (160341606021)
M. Anang dwi Cahyo (160341606102)
Mamik Rizkiatul laili (160341606051 )
MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AMITOSIS,
Pre-Natal Growth and
Development, Human Fetal
Development
MITOSIS
Cell division mitosis was held to multiply cells in the living
body that this living can get bigger or growing .
On mitosis number of chromosomes sel-sel offspring be the
same as number of chromosomes stem cells .
Basically mitosis occur through several stages covering:
1.Prophase
2.Metaphase
3.Anaphase
4.Telophase
 Prophase : inner membrane disappeared , nukleous
disappeared , the centrioles has reached kutub-kutub cell
division , threads of chromatid already seen as chromosome

Metaphase: innterest the kinetokor at the cell division each.

while arms kromatidnya still attached each other.

Anaphase: chromosome was gather or cluster on each polar

division.

Telophase: formed two similar cells , the same , containing the

same chromosome.
MEIOSIS
On meiosis number of chromosomes his cell only half of the parent
chromosomes of cells.
Meiosis having phases more complex.
Meiosis I :
1.Prophase I (preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene,
diakenesis)
2.Prometaphase I
3.Metaphase I
4.Anaphase I
5.Telophase I
Interfase
Meiosis II :
1.Prometaphase II
2.Metaphase II
3.Anaphase II
4.Telophase II
 Prophase I : happened fundamental changes are the formation of
couples homologous chromosomes, exchange genetic material, and
so on.

Prometaphase I : membrane the core disappeared, and

chromosomes of looked shorter and thickened.

Metaphase I : chromosome i will be made in the field of the equatorial

and started separation chromosome.

Anaphase I : of chromosomes in the field of the equator started

moving menujunkutub division.

Telophase: chromosome i have gathered in poles division

 Prometaphase II : the establishment of spindle, aster, shifting the
centrioles to the pole division.

Metaphase II : the collection of chromosomes in the field of the

equator .

Anaphase II : happened chromosome shift toward a pole of the

each division .

Telophase II : chromosome was assembly on poles division and

followed the core membrane and separation cytoplasm
AMITOSIS
The cell division on the prokaryotic different from cell division
in eukaryotic.On prokaryotic cell division was simply which
includes the process of growth cells, duplication of genetic
material, the division of chromosome, and division the
cytoplasm that preceded by wall formation of new cells.The
cleavage process that is called amitosis, amitosis is cell
division directly without involving chromosome, for instance
on bacterial cells.
 Introduction
Growth and development have important
implications for domestic animal production because
they significantly influence the value of the animal
being produced.

Photo by Keith Weller courtesy of USDA Agricultural Research Service.

 Pre-Natal Growth and
Development
Pre-natal growth and development are
broken down into two stages:

embryogenesis
organogenesis

1 mm
Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis extends from the union of female
and male gametes to the emergence of the
embryonic axis and development of organ systems
at the neurula stage.
During embryogenesis, the zygote develops into
the morula, which becomes the blastula, and then
the gastrula.
The zygote is a single cell that is repeatedly
cleaved to form a multi-celled ball known as the
morula.
Cleavage is a process that involves mitotic division of
the original cell into two cells, which then divide in to
four cells and then eight cells.
Although the number of cells double at each stage
of cleavage, individual cells do not grow or enlarge
in size.

So, the morula is the same size as the original zygote,

even though it is made up of numerous cells, called
blastomeres.
The cells of the morula are rearranged to form a
hollow sphere filled with fluid.
At this stage, the embryo is referred to as a blastula
and the fluid-filled space inside the sphere is called
the blastocoel.
The blastula undergoes a process known as
gastrulation and becomes a gastrula.

Gastrulation of a diploblast: The formation of germ layers from a

(1) blastula to a (2) gastrula. Some of the ectoderm cells
(orange) move inward forming the endoderm (red).
The process of gastrulation involves extensive
rearrangement of the blastomeres.
The cells on one side of the blastula move inward
and form a two-layered embryo.
The two layers formed are the ectoderm (outer layer)
and the endoderm (inner layer).
A third cell layer known as the mesoderm is formed
between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
The cavity that forms within the gastrula is known as
the primitive gut; it later develops into the animals
digestive system.
Organogenesis

The process of organogenesis extends from

the neurela stage to birth or hatching.

The neurela stage is distinguished by

differentiation, which is when unspecialized
embryonic cells change into specialized
cells destined to form specific tissues or
organs.
In the first few weeks after conception, cells
differentiate into organs and body structures.
The embryo is then referred to as a fetus and the body
structures continue to grow and develop until birth.
 Post-Natal Growth

Because no new fibers are formed after birth, postnatal

growth of muscle is characterized by increases in length
and diameter.
Muscle fibers are predominantly protein; fiber size is
determined by the rate of protein synthesis minus the
rate of degradation.
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of muscle cells
also increases as the animal develops.
Bone tissue grows both before and after birth.
During early stages of an animals life,
growth occurs very quickly.

After puberty, bone elongation stops so

skeletal size does not increase much after
that point, although live weight continues to
increase.
HUMAN FETAL DEVELOPMENT
BEBERAPA FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERKEMBANGAN JANIN

1. Gizi Ibu
2. Aktifitas Fisik
3. Kondisi Emosional
4. Penyakit yang di hidap Ibu
5. Pengaruh Obat-obatan, narkoba, dan rokok
 Mekansme pindah silng pad meiosis dan persamaan meiosis
mitosis?

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