Presentation

on
Sampling &
Sampling Distribution
Date: May 05, 2017
Group :B
Presenters
S. M. Abul Hasnat MPM-03-17-001
Muhammad Mamun Khan MPM-03-17-002
Tanjila Ahmed MPM-03-17-013
Musfika Hoque MPM-03-17-036
Mizanur Rahman MPM-03-17-
Points to be Discussed

What is Sampling?, What is Sampling Distribution?, Purpose of

Sampling, Principals of Sampling, Methods of Sampling

Sample Size, Merits of Sampling Method, Limitations of Sampling

Sampling & Non-Sampling Errors, Central Limit Theorem

Mathematics
What is Sampling?
Statistical method of obtaining representative data or observations
from a group (lot, batch, population, or universe).
What is Sampling Distribution?
A type of distribution that involves the probability distribution of
sample statistics based on randomly selected samples. Sampling
distributions arise from a group of selected data that is calculated using
various statistics such as mean, mode, median, standard variation and
range.
Purpose of Sampling

Basic purpose of sampling study is to draw inference about the population.

It is only tool which helps to know the characteristics of the universe or
population by examining only a small part of it.
Principals of Sampling
There are two important principals:

Principals of Statistical

Principals of Inertia of Large Numbers

Principles- 1: Principle of Statistical

This principle is derived from the mathematical theory of probability.

The law of statistical regularity lays down that a moderately large number
of items chosen at random from a large group are almost sure on the
average to possess the characteristics of the large group
This principal points out that if a sample is taken at random from a
population it is likely to possess almost the same characteristics as that of
population
Principle- 2: Inertia of Large Number

It stats that , other things being equal, larger the size of the sample , more
accurate the results are likely to be.
The principle of Inertia of large numbers states that the larger the size of the
sample the more accurate the conclusion is likely to be.
Thus, both the principles talk about the sample size i.e. the larger it is, the
larger is the accuracy of the results obtained.
Methods of Sampling
A. Random Sampling: The random sampling is also called as a probability sampling
since the sample selection is done randomly so the laws of probability can be
applied.

Following are the important methods of Random Sampling:

Simple Random Sampling is a sampling technique wherein every item of the

population has an equal and likely chance of being selected in the sample.

Stratified Sampling is a sampling technique wherein the population is sub-divided

into homogeneous groups, called as strata, from which the samples are selected on
a random basis.
systematic sampling is a periodical method wherein the sample members are
selected on the basis of the constant interval, called as sampling interval.
Multistage Sampling is the probability sampling technique wherein the sampling is carried
out in several stages such that the sample size gets reduced at each stage.
B. Non-random Sampling: In the case of non-random sampling, the selection is done on
the basis other than the probability considerations, such as judgment, convenience, etc.
The methods of non-random sampling are given below:

Judgment Sampling is the non-random sampling technique wherein the choice of sample
items depends exclusively on the investigators knowledge and professional judgment.

Quota Sampling is yet another non-probability sampling method wherein the population is
divided into a mutually exclusive, sub-groups from which the sample items are selected on
the basis of a given proportion.

Convenience Sampling is the non-probability sampling technique wherein a

proportion of the population is selected on the basis of its convenient availability.
Size of Sample
An important decision that has to be taken while adopting a sampling technique is
about the size of the sample. Sampling theory is of little help in arriving at a good
estimate of the sample size of any particular situation.
The following two considerations may be kept in mind in determining the
appropriate size of sample-

1. The size of the sample should increase as the variation in the individual items
increases.

2. The greater the degree of accuracy desired, the larger should be the sample
size.
Merits of Sampling Method
The sampling method have the following merits over the complete
enumeration survey method:

1. Less time.
2. Less cost.
Merits of 3. More relative result.
Sampling 4. More detailed
Method information.
5. The destructive
nature of certain
test.
Limitations of Sampling
Despite the various advantage of sampling, it is not altogether free from
limitations. Some of the precautions involved in sampling are given below:

1. Inaccurate and
misleading results.
2. Shortage of expert in
Limitations of sampling.
Sampling 3. Chances of errors.
4. Necessity of
enumerated survey.
Sampling & Non- Sampling Error
The term error refers to the difference between the value of a sample
statistics and that of corresponding population parameter.
There are two types of errors-

Sampling Errors

Non-sampling Errors
Sampling Error:
Sampling errors arise due to the fact that samples are used and to the
particular method used in selecting the items from the population.

Sampling errors are two types-

1. Biased errors: This errors arise from any bias in selection,
estimation, etc.
2. Unbiased errors: This errors arise due to chance difference between
the members of population in the sample and those not included.
Causes of Biased
Bias may arise due to:

1. Faulty process of
selection.

2. Faulty selection
Causes of Bias during the collection
of information.

3. Faulty method of
analysis.
Avoidance of Bias

The simplest and the only certain way of avoiding bias in the selection process for
the sample to be drawn either entirely at random or at random subject to
restrictions, which, while improve the accuracy, are of such a nature that they do
not introduce bias in the result.
Non-Sampling Errors

It is difficult to completely avoid errors of observation. So, also in the

processing of data tabulation errors may be committed affecting the
final results. Errors arising in this manner are termed non-sampling
error.
Causes of Non- Sampling Errors

Non-sampling errors may arise from one or more of the following

factors:
1. Lack of trained and experienced investigators.
2. Lack of adequate inspection and supervision of primary staff.
3. Errors due to non-response.
4. Errors committed during presentation and printing of tabulated
result.
5. Inadequate scrutiny of basic data.
Control of Non-Sampling Errors

In recent years, there has been a growing need for assessing and
controlling the non-sampling errors.
Central Limit Theorem

The Central Limit Theorem states that when a large number of simple
random samples are selected from the population and the mean is
calculated for each then the distribution of these sample means will
assume the normal probability distribution.
Mathematics
THANK YOU