CH 4 Work & Energy

WORK & ENERGY
BITS Pilani Dr. G. AMARANATH

Assistant Professor, BITS Pilani Dubai Campus
Dubai Campus
BITS Pilani
Dubai Campus
Ch-4
WORK & ENERGY
CONTENTS:
01. Work energy theorem & its

applications
02. Work done and potential energy
03. Law of conservation of energy
04. Non-conservative forces
05. Power
06. Collisions
07. Problems
Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Introduction: Work
Work is done when a force exerted on a body caused
the body to undergo a displacement.
Work W is defined as a dot product: W F s F s cos
The SI unit of work is the joule

1 joule = (1 newton)(1 meter) or 1 J = 1 Nm and 1 J = 1 kgm 2/s2
Positive Work, Negative Work
and No Work
When 0 < 90o work is

positive
When 90o < 180o work is

negative
When = 90o
work is zero

Kinetic Energy
The meaning of kinetic energy

Like work, the kinetic energy of a
particle is a scalar quantity; it
depends on only the particles mass
and speed, not its direction of
motion (Fig. 6.10).
The work done by the net force on a
particle equals the change in the
particles kinetic energy:

To find maximum height of m, at the highest point,
Thus

Example

Work-Energy Theorem for
Motion Along a Curve

Consider
The work done by gravity is,

gravitational potential energy
Energy associated with

position is called potential
energy. This kind of energy
is a measure of the potential
or possibility for work to be
done.
The potential energy
associated with a bodys
weight and its height above
the ground is called
gravitational potential
energy.
gravitational potential energy
When a body moves downward,
gravity does positive work, kinetic
energy increases and gravitational
potential energy decreases.
When a body moves upward, gravity

does negative work. Kinetic energy
decreases and gravitational potential
energy increases
Gravitational Potential Energy
For Motion Along a Curved Path
This work is unaffected by any horizontal

motion that may occur. So we can use
the same expression for gravitational
potential energy whether the body's
path is curved or straight.

Conservation of mechanical
energy (gravitational forces only)
When the bodys weight is the only force acting on it while it
moves either up or down, say from y1 (v1) to y2 (v2),
Fnet = W = mg.
According to work-energy theorem, the total work done on the
body equals the change in the bodys kinetic energy:
K2 + Ugrav,2 = K1 + Ugrav,1 (if only gravity does work)

The sum K + Ugrav is called E, the total mechanical energy of the
system.
system means the body of mass m and the earth.

Forces other than gravity doing
work

Forces other than gravity doing
work
When Wother is positive, E increases, and K2 + Ugrav,2 is greater than
K1 + Ugrav,1.
When Wother is negative, E decreases.

In the special case in which no forces other than the bodys weight
do work, Wother = 0, the total mechanical energy is then constant,

CAUTION
Gravitational potential energy is relative, you can choose any
height as your zero point.
Gravitational potential energy Ugrav = mgy is a shared property
between Earth and the object.
For a conservative force,
To consider
It can be deduced that

Consider
In the case of harmonic oscillator

Consider a . If the
potential energy be taken as 0

To determine
Consider

The stability can be found from potential energy.

Energy diagram
Energy diagram is a graph used to show
energy as a function of x.
Lets consider a glider with mass m that
moves along the x-axis on an air track.
In this case Fx = -kx; U(x) = kx2.
If the elastic force of the spring is the only
horizontal force acting on the glider, the
total mechanical energy E = K + U is
constant, independent of x.

The potential energy curve for
motion of a particle
The direction of the force on a body is not determined by the sign of the
potential energy U rather, its the sign of Fx = -dU/dx that matters.
The physically significant quantity is the difference is the value of U
between two points, which is just what the derivative Fx = -dU/dx
measures.
This means that a constant may be added to the potential energy
function without changing the physics of the situation.

The potential energy curve for
motion of a particle

Conservative and Non-conservative
forces
When a force acting on an object, the objects total energy does not change,
only the form of energy changes, such as change from kinetic to potential
and vise versa. Such force is called conservative force. Conservative
forces have four properties:
1. It can be expressed as the difference between the initial and final values
of a potential-energy function.
2. It is reversible.
3. It is independent of the path of the body and depends only on the
starting and ending points.
4. When the starting and ending points are the same, the total work is
zero.
Examples of conservative forces: gravity, force from a spring

When the only forces that do work are conservative forces, the total
mechanical energy E = K + U is constant
Conservative forces
The work by a conservative force like gravity does not depend on the
path your hiking team chooses, only how high you climb.

Non-conservative forces
When a force acting on an object, the objects total energy changes.
Such force is called non conservative force. When non-
conservative force does work, the energy is not reversible.
Some non conservative forces, like kinetic friction or fluid resistance,

cause mechanical energy to be lost or dissipated; a force of this kind
is called a dissipative force.
There are also non conservative forces that increase mechanical

energy. The fragments of an exploding firecracker fly off with very
large kinetic energy. The forces unleashed by the chemical reaction
of gunpowder with oxygen are non conservative because the process
is not reversible.

Work done by friction
The absolute value of work done by friction equals to the change
in internal energy.
W fric U int
If there are only conservative forces and friction doing work:
K1 U1 U int K 2 U 2
K U U int 0

Hence, nonconservative work is

Example

Solution
a)
b)

Power
Power is the time rate at which work is done.
Like work and energy, power is a scalar quantity.
If a certain force performs work Won a body in a time t , the
average power due to the force is
W
Pav
t
The rate at which work is done might not be constant. So the
instantaneous power P is defined as, the quotient in the above
equation as t approaches zero:
The instantaneous power P is
dW
P
dt
If the power is constant in time, thenP Pav.
Force and velocity

Elastic collisions
In an elastic collision, the total kinetic

energy of the system is the same after
the collision as before.
Figure 8.14 at the left illustrates an
elastic collision between air track
gliders.

Elastic collision:

Elastic collision:

Inelastic collisions
In an inelastic collision, the total kinetic

energy after the collision is less than
before the collision.
A collision in which the bodies stick
together is called a completely
inelastic collision (see Figure 8.15 at
the right).
In any collision in which the external
forces can be neglected, the total
momentum is conserved.

Complete inelastic collision

In with the velocities as shown in the
sketch, the conservation laws give

(c)

Problem 4.2 page 195
A block of mass M slides along a horizontal table with speed

V0. At x=0 it hits a spring with spring constant k and begins
to experience friction force. The coefficient of friction is
variable and is given by = bx, where b is a constant.
Find the loss in mechanical energy when the block has first
come momentarily to rest.

A simple way to measure the speed

of a bullet is with ballistic pendulum.
As illustrated, this consists of a
wooden block of mass M into which
the bullet is shot. The block is
suspended from the cables of length
L, and the impact of the bullet causes
it to swing through a maximum angle ,
as shown. The initial speed of the bullet is v and its mass is m.
(a) How fast the is the block moving immediately after the bullet
comes to rest?
(b) (b) Show how to find velocity of the bullet by measuring m, M,
L and .
Problem 4.6, page 196
A small block slides from rest from the top of a

frictionless sphere of radius R as shown below.
How farbelow the top x does it lose contact with
the sphere?The sphere does not move.
[Ans: R/3]

Gravitational force minus the centripetal force,
At the point where the particle leaves the sphere,
the normal force is zero

A block of mass M on a horizontal frictionless table is
connected to a spring ( spring constant k) as shown. The
block is set in motion so that it
oscillates about its equilibrium
point with certain amplitude A0.
The period of motion is
1. A lump of sticky putty of mass m is dropped onto the block.
The putty sticks without bouncing. The putty hits M at the
instant when the velocity of M is zero. Find (a) the new time
period (b) the new amplitude (c) the change in mechanical
energy of the system.
2. Repeat part 1, but this time assume that the sticky puttyhits Mat the
instant when M has its maximum velocity.
A chain of mass M and length L is

suspended with its lowest end
touching the scale. The chain is
released and falls onto the scale.
What is the reading of the scale
when a chain of length x has fallen?

A snow mobile climbs a hill at 15 miles/hr. The hill

has a grade of 1 ft rise for every 40 ft. The
resistive force due to the snow is 5% of the
vehicle's weight. How fast will the snow mobile
move down the hill, assuming its engine delivers
same power?

Cars B and Care at rest with their brakes off. Car

A plows into car B at high speed, pushing B into
C. If the collisions are completely inelastic, what
fraction of the initial energy is dissipated in C?
Initially the cars are identical.

A proton makes a headon collision with

unknown
particle at rest. The proton rebounds
straight back with
4/9th of its kinetic energy. Find the ratio
of the mass of
the unknown particle to the mass of the
proton assuming
that collision is elastic.

A massless spring with spring constant k is attached at one end
of a block of mass M that is resting on a frictionless horizontal
table. The other end of the spring is fixed to a wall. A bullet of
mass m is fired into the block from the left with a speed v and
comes to rest in the block.(Assume that this happens instantaneously).
(a) How fast is the block moving immediately after the bullet comes to
rest?
(b) The resulting motion of the block and bullet is simple harmonic
motion. Find the amplitude of the resulting simple harmonic
motion.
(c) What fraction of the
original KE of the bullet
is stored in the
harmonic oscillator?
Problem 4.27, page 199
Particle A of mass m has initial velocity v0. After

colliding with the particle of mass 2m, initially at
rest, the particles follow the paths shown in the
sketch below. Find .

Consider the sketch where vBf and vAf are the velocities of A and B after
collision.
Then
-----(1)

Also from conservation of momentum
0 +0 =(2m) vBf cos 45o +(m) vAf cos
-----------(2)
Squaring and adding 1 and 2
2
v Af (cos 2 sin s 2 ) v02 2vBf
2
2.828vBf v0 2vBf
2
4v 2.828vBf v0 v v
2
Bf
2
0
2
Af
-------------(3)

From conservation of energy

Example (The ballistic pendulum)

Solution

Example

Solution
a)
b)

Thank you

CH 4 Work & Energy

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WORK & ENERGY

BITS Pilani Dr. G. AMARANATH

01. Work energy theorem & its

The SI unit of work is the joule

When 0 < 90o work is

When 90o < 180o work is

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

The meaning of kinetic energy

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

The work done by gravity is,

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Energy associated with

When a body moves upward, gravity

This work is unaffected by any horizontal

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

K2 + Ugrav,2 = K1 + Ugrav,1 (if only gravity does work)

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

When Wother is positive, E increases, and K2 + Ugrav,2 is greater than

When Wother is negative, E decreases.

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

It can be deduced that

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Examples of conservative forces: gravity, force from a spring

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Some non conservative forces, like kinetic friction or fluid resistance,

There are also non conservative forces that increase mechanical

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

In an elastic collision, the total kinetic

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

In an inelastic collision, the total kinetic

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

A block of mass M slides along a horizontal table with speed

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

A simple way to measure the speed

A small block slides from rest from the top of a

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

A chain of mass M and length L is

Dr. G. AMARANATH, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

A snow mobile climbs a hill at 15 miles/hr. The hill