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FORMWORKS

Is a term given to either temporary or


permanent molds into which concrete or
similar materials are poured until it attain
sufficient strength to carry its own weight.
FORMWORK - holds fresh concrete

FALSEWORK - supports formwork and other


structures.
RESPONSIBILITY FOR FORMWORK
The norm in construction industry is to place
the responsibility for TS solely on the general
contractor. However, architects and engineers
must at least have formulated their own method of
construction.
Coordinating the design of permanent
structure with the TS that will be required can lead
to more efficient and cost effective construction
Safety Designers must place the first priority on
safety. OSHA codes, as well as other codes in the
industry, provide stringent performance specifications
(how the system should work) regarding temporary
structure.

Cost TS can be the most expensive part of some


projects. Designing cost-effective solutions to temporary
structure problems could easily be the competitive
advantage of a contractor over others. The designer
must have a thorough knowledge of all the options which
will sufficiently solve the temporary structure problem.
Containment capable of shaping and
supporting the fluid concrete until it cures

Strength capable of safely withstanding


without distortion.

Resistance to Leakage all joints must be


grout tight

Accuracy correct shape and dimensions


Ease of handling can be easily handled by
hand or mechanical means. Designed or
constructed to include facilities for adjustments,
leveling, easing and striking without damage to
the form work or concrete.

Finish and Refuse Potential capable of


consistently imparting the desired concrete
finish(smooth, textured, featured or exposed
aggregate etc.)At the same time it should also
achieve the required number of reuse.
Materials of Forms:

Plywood:
This is by far the most common material used
for the facing panel. It is easily cut to shape on
site, and if handled and stored carefully, it can
be used many times.
Note the different thickness:
A standard plywood thickness on site is
18mm. this is usually sufficient for most pours.
Timber:

This is the most common material


used for bracing members to the form
face. Like plywood, it can be easily cut
to size on site.
Steel:

Steel is also used in pre-fabricated


formwork. Purpose made steel forms
are fabricated when dimensional
tolerances are critical, or when the
forms are planned to be re-used.
Aluminum:

Often used in pre-fabricated


formwork, that is put together
on site. Aluminum is strong
and light, and consequently
fewer supports and ties are
required.
Plastics:

Glass reinforced plastics (GRP) and


vacuum formed plastics are used
when complicated concrete shapes are
required (e.g. waffle floors).
Nails:

In woodworking and construction, a nail is


a pin-shaped object of metal (or wood, called
a treenail or "tunnel") which is used as
a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or
sometimes as a decoration.
Clamps:
A clamp is a fastening device used to hold or
secure objects tightly together to prevent
movement or separation through the
application of inward pressure.
Fixed/Swivel Couplers

Swivel clamps / Swivel Couplers are used to


connect scaffold tubes at any angle.
Rapid Clamps:
Rapid Clamps are used with mild steel rods
and provide a cheap, effective clamping
system that has no nuts or bolts and leaves
no expensive ties in the concrete.
Bolts and Nuts
the working parts or elements that used to
connect.
Form Ties
Form ties (sometimes referred to as tie bolts)
connect opposite faces of wall formwork to
restrain the applied concrete pressures. They
transmit loads in tension between stiff
vertical and/or horizontal members
associated with the main formwork.
LOADS ON FORMWORK
PROCESS OF FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION

FORMWORK FOR WALL


It consists of
-timber sheeting -rackers
-vertical posts -stakers
-horizontal member -wedges

After completing one side of formwork


reinforcement is provided at the place then
the second side formwork is provided
FORMWORK FOR COLUMN

Its consists of the following

-side and end planks


-yolks
-nut and bolts

Two end and two side


planks are joined by
the yokes and bolts.
Erection sequences for a column

Prior to positioning column formwork check that


steel for the column has been inspected and
cleared for casting

-Position formwork for the column from


predetermined grids
-Plumb formwork both ways and securely support
using adjustable steel props
-The propping angle should be 45 degree to the
floor
-Ensure the steel props are safely secure to the
column formwork and the floor and that
adjustment for pushing and pulling is operational
-Set out the positions of column clamps from a storey rod

-transfer the column dum positions from the storey on to


column formwork

-Use nails to support the arms of column clamps while wedging


-check the formwork at the top for square

-position and wedge the remainder of the column clamps

-using a plumb bob suspended form a gauge block plumbs the


column

When all the column formwork is securely propped a final check


must be made for plumb and column alignment before and
immediately after the concrete has been poured and vibrated

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CIRCULAR AND OCTOGONAL COLUMN

-Circular column formwork


-fabricated steel, usually two pieces and often
with a hinge
-flare cement pipes which are left in place to
as permanent formwork
-timber sheathing tied with standard column
damps, metal strap can be used without the
need for corner infill.
COLUMN BRACING FORMWORK

Column formwork bracing performs two


functions

-it must be maintain the accuracy of the


column from position and plumb so that it is
within tolerance

-withstand results of forces acting on either


the column formwork or the bracing. The
forces may be wind or impact. This impact
forces can occur for the collision of concrete
buckets or cranes hoisting materials.
FORMWORK FOR BEAM
-beam soft fit must be thickened timber or strength
plywood
-beams sides 18 mm plywood or 25 mm boards with
studs (cleats) at 500 to 600 mm centre
-deep beam (600mm) should have walkers and ties.
-use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint
whore possible.
-allowance must be made for height adjustment of
the props or false work.
Erections sequences for constructing beam
formwork include;

-position of Sole Plates


-making out and settling heights for false work
-assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks, false
work, bearers and spreaders
-position of sole plates
FORMWORK FOR STAIRCASE

-Points to consider when designing stair form work;

Stair formwork must support the weight of concrete. The weight of


the throat of the stair and the steps will have to be supported

Because of the shape of the stair, some of the forces is transmitted


sideways. All formwork must be well tied together to prevent
sideways movement

Consider the finish of the stair treads and types of nosing. Space
may have to be left for purpose made nosing
SUSPENDED SLABS

Suspended floor slabs can be constructed using


cast in-site, precast units or combination of both

Whichever method is used, it is important to


support the proposed method of construction
using a combination of timber or steel bearers
and adjustable shoring.

The spacing and type of supporting system


required is determined by the load imposed
during the construction process.
Manufactures provide tables to assist in the selection and
spacing of adjustable shoring systems.

The erection of sequence of constructing a suspended floor


slabs includes;

-determined the bearer spacing


-erecting of bearers and joists.
-fixing the sheeting
-preparation for concrete
SOLE PLATE

The purpose of sole plate is to transfer vertical


load from one vertical support member to the
foundation

The vertical support requires a base plated fitted


to help distributed the load to the sole plates,
which is usually a sleeper

If the sole plate is positioned on natural ground, it


is important the ground is graded and
consolidated to a level surface

The objective is to achieve maximum bearing


beneath sole plate. Once sole plates are
positioned and firmly be added they should be
checked for level.
VERTICAL LOADS

Vertical Loads on formwork includes:


-the weight of reinforced concrete

-the weight of forms themselves (dead load)

-the live loads imposed during the construction


process (material storage, personnel and
equipment)
-the concrete weighs 150 pcf, it will place a load on the
form of 12.5 psf, a 6 inch slab would produce a dead load
of 12,5x6= 75 psf (neglecting the weight of the form)

-ACI Committee 347 recommends that both vertical


supports and horizontal framing components of formwork
should be designed for a minimum live load of 50 psf of
horizontal projection to provide for weight of personnel,
runways, screeds and other equipment.

-when motorized carts are used, the minimum should be 75


psf

-regardless of slab thickness, the minimum design value for


combined dead and live loads should be 100 psf, or 125
psf if motorized are used.
LATERAL PRESSURE OF FRESH CONCRETE

-loads imposed by fresh concrete against wall or


column forms differ from the gravity on a
horizontal slab form.

-the freshly place concrete behaves temporarily


like fluid, producing a hydrostatic pressure that
acts laterally on the vertical forms

-this lateral pressure is comparable to full liquid


when concrete is placed full height within the
period required for its initial set.
-With slower rate of placing, concrete at
bottom of the form begins to harden and
lateral pressure is reduced to less than full
fluid pressure by the time concreting is
completed in the upper parts of the form

-The effective lateral pressure- a modified


hydrostatic pressure- has been found to be
influenced by the weight, rate of placement,
temperature of concrete mix, use of retardant
admixtures and vibration.
FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL PRESSURE ON
FORMS

-weight of concrete
-rate of placing (the average of rise in the form)
-vibration
-temperature (affecting the set time)
-other variables
o Consistency of concrete
o Ambient temperature
o Amount and location of reinforcement
o Maximum aggregate size (MSA)
HORIZONTAL LOADS

-Horizontal formwork is used for ceiling and


beams. Horizontal formwork is subjects to
vertical load which are to be carried off to solid
subsoil through formwork bearers as well as
columns.

In additional to vertical load, there are also


horizontal loads which are produced by:

-wind effects
-inclined position of columns
-backing up
Horizontal forces are taken up by auxiliary
structures, such as braces and struts, or rigid
connection to existing structural
components, such as walls and columns.

Formwork walls and columns are to be backed


up from all sides.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Hydrostatic pressure due to fluid of concrete


depends on:

Quantity of water In concrete


Size of aggregate
Rate of pouring
Temperature

-hydrostatic pressure is maximum during pouring


and when concrete becomes hard

-setting time may be taken as to 1 hour


-only height of concrete pound in t o1 hour is taken
into account for calculation of hydrostatic pressure
on formwork

-for 1.5 m height of concrete equivalent weight of


concrete may be taken as 2300 kg/m3

-for higher height, the equivalent weight of concrete is


reduced

-when height of concrete in one pour is 6m, the


equivalent fluid weight may be 1200 kg/m3

-for intermediate heights between 1.5 to 6m poured


within the setting time of to 1 hour linear
interpolating of unit weight between 1200 to 2300
kg/m3 may be taken.
FORM REMOVAL AND RE-SHORING
Form should not be remove until the concrete
has sufficiently hardened in order that it can
carry safety its own weight and other live
loads it is subjected to.

Removal of formwork concrete section should


not make the structural elements to:
Collapse under self load on under design
load.
Deflect the structure member excessively in
short or long term.
Physical damage the structural member when
formwork is removed.
Points must kept in mind during formwork
removal whether the structure will be prone
to:
Freeze thaw damage
Cracks formation due to thermal construction
of concrete
TYPES OF FORMS

Walls,Columns,Vertical sides of beams

=24 to 48 hours as may be decided by the


engineer in charge

Slabs(props left under) = 3 days

Beam soffits(props left under). =7 days


Removal of props to slabs
Spanning up to 4.5m = 7 days

Spanning over 4.5m. = 14 days

Removal of props to beams and arches spanning

Up to 6 m. =14 days
Over 6 m. = 21 days
Reshores by the definition of American
Concrete Institute 347(ACI 347), are shores
placed firmly under a stripped concrete slab
or structural member where the original
formwork has been removed thus requiring
the new slab or structural member to support
its own weight and any construction load
posted to it ,at the time of reshoring.
For concrete floors, the dead load is much
greater than the live loads.
PETER COURTOIS(former chairman of ACIC
347) said:

Reshore should be located in the same


position on each floor so that they will be a
continuous from floor-floor.

Reshores must not be placed where they


could cause tensil stresses where there is no
reinforcement.
Any slab with a clear span of more than 10ft
may require reshoring.

For flat slabs reshores should be placed along


the intersection line of the column strip and
middle strip in both direction.

Reshores should not be removed until the


slab or beam has sufficient strength.
SPECIAL FORMS OF FORMWORK
These are those forms that are specially designed
and manufactured for a particular kind of
construction. The need for a special formwork may
arise due to several factors such as
When the contract demands the highest class of
dimensional tolerance to be followed
Where the form work shape required becomes
uneconomical or impracticable for site fabrication
Where the formwork is required to be self-contained
i.e. self propelled,
Where rate of concreting, admixtures or types of
concrete are such that concrete pressure developed
within forms and stresses in the forms demand
special attention where a substantial number of re-
uses is envisaged

This is a special formwork designed for use in


casting large repetitive floor slabs in medium to
high-rise structures.

The main objective of reducing the time required


re-erecting, striking and re-erecting slab
formwork.

A system which can be put as an entire unit,


removed, hoisted and repositioned without any
dismantling.
It is routinely used for:
Residential flats
Hotels
Hostels
Offices
Commercial buildings

Benefits:
Fast construction for large floor layouts.
Fully assembled units can be manoeuvred
quickly into place.
Using appropriate quality control, high-
quality surface finishes can be achieved.
Reduced long-term workforce requirement
on site.

The need for infill areas and decking joints is


minimized.

Individual components of the formwork


system can be precisely adjusted.

Repetitive nature of the work makes it easier


to plan construction activities.
Safety
Decking with non-slip surfaces can be used
to enhance safety.
Interconnected truss members provide a
stable working platform.
Repetitive nature of work ensures quick
familiarity of safety procedures.
False work units can be assembled at ground
level minimizing work at height.
Table formwork systems can include standard
health and safety features such as guard rails.
Other considerations:

The system requires enough space around the


new construction to fly the table unit beyond
the building line on everyday use.

The supporting slab must be capable of


carrying high loads at bearing locations.
The increasing pace in the construction of multi-
storey and massive concrete structures, and the
parallel progress in development of cranes and
other mechanical methods of transporting forms
have made the use of ganged prefabricated forms
for the concreting of large sections of high walls
very common.
Ranging up to 30x50 ft, their size is limited only
by the mechanics of handling. Large panels can
be assembled flat on the ground where it is
easier to work. Delay and lost motion are avoided
in stripping because the gang forms are stripped
as a unit.
The tunnel formwork is a room sized
structural steel fabricated form which is used
to cast the rcc walls and floor slabs of a
building as a monolithic structure in a
continuous pour. The forms are then heated
using hot air blowers for accelerated curing
of the concrete. This system is most
economical when the structure consists of
large number of identical units. There exist
two versions of this type of formwork. They
are:
A. The half tunnel formwork used to cast only one
wall and slab simultaneously
B. The full tunnel formwork used to cast two walls
and a slab simultaneously
The sequence of construction involves placing of
reinforcement, electrical and sanitary conduits
along with the tunnel forms. Concrete is then
poured and the open side of the forms is covered
and hot air blowers placed inside. The forms are
removed the next day and placed on the next site
using cranes. The optimum use of tunnel form is
in multiunit shear wall structure with identical
floor layout at each level.
INSPECTION OF FORMWORKS
A.TWO TYPES OF CHECKS
CHECK FOR COVER

CHECK FOR FORMS CONSTRUCTION

o Refers to whether the formwork conforms


to the requirements of the standard.
o STANDARD SETS
Form Materials

Strength Against Local Deformation

Overall Strength and Stability


Layout and Dimensional Checks

Water Tightness Checks

Surface Finish Checks

Structural Design Checks

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