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Industrial cities

Lecture 9
Industrial cities
Industrial revolution
Till late renaissance goods were
all processed and assembled by
hand. The number of employees
was small and there was a close
relationship between worker and
employer.

With the invention of steam


engine mechanical power
become independent of hand
operation and the machines
replaced man for the production
of goods in 18th century.
Industrial cities
Industrial revolution

As the production increased, trade expanded


and the shops got shifted from houses to
separate quarters factories.
The distinction between employee and
employer widened- capitalism.
Economy shifted from agrarian to industrial.
Transportation and communication system
improved.
Measures for public health and safety
implemented.
Factory towns
Industrial revolution
Steam railroad extended their rails connecting raw products, factories
and the cities of consumers.
The factory with connecting railroads and ship yards were the heart
and the nerve of industrial cities.
Effects of industrial revolution was found in the American cities also.
Factory towns
Industrial revolution
People lived in tenements under the shadow of the
factories- slums.
Cities were exceptionally congested.
Epidemics were common.
Every amenity of urban life was sacrificed to the
requirements of industrial production.
Railroads and ships joined at the factories , and the
waterfront became the industrial core of the city.
What could be called mechanical slums , row upon row of
crowded workers houses in the shadow of the factory,
were added to the traditional slums .
In England , the 2 storey row house predominated ,
stretching in long rows with small backyards and narrow
streets.
Factory towns
Industrial revolution
The living environment was dreary and monotonous.
Built to a height of four and five floors , the block typically contained
a double row of dwellings , the interior row facing a narrow interior
court on both sides.
Industrial growth in large centers induced the people to remain in
cities rather than migrate to the more healthful environments of rural
communities , and the inevitable result was the creation of slums .
It was very compact and streets were very tight and
would not allow for light or sufficient air to enter the
house.
A lobby/living space and an upstairs room, the
kitchen and toilets were communal and often shared
between 16 households.
Each house could have from 1 to 3 families living
inside and even possible animals.
The courtyards had privies (outdoor toilets) cooking,
storage areas and cesspool (hole to receive waste
from the house)
A competition for model towns was conducted and won by architect
James E ware.
A light shaft was conducted along the property line.
fbb
Industrial cities
Utopian ideas
Proposed by J.S. Buckingham & Robert Owen
A. Outer Square of 1,000 Houses and Gardens, 20 feet frontage, 100 feet deep.
B. Second Square : Covered Arcade for Workshops, 100 feet wide.
C. Third Square : 560 Houses and Gardens, 28 feet frontage, 130 feet deep.
D. Fourth Square : Covered Arcade for Retail Bazaars, 100 feet wide.
E. Fifth Square : 296 Houses and Gardens, 38 feet frontage, 160 feet deep.
F. Sixth Square : Covered Arcade for Winter Promenade, 100 feet wide.
G. Seventh Square : 120 Houses and Gardens, 54 feet frontage, 200 feet deep.
H. Central Square : 24 Mansions and Gardens, 80 feet frontage, 250 feet deep.
I. 5 Churches or Places of Public Worship, 200 feet by 130.
J. Library below and Gallery of the Fine Arts and Antiquities above.
K. University below and Museum of Natural History above
Industrial cities
Utopian ideas
People lived in tenements under the shadow of the factories- slums.
Garden cities
Utopian ideas
People lived in tenements under the shadow of the factories- slums.
Garden cities
Utopian ideas
People lived in tenements under the shadow of the factories- slums.

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