OPEN CHANNEL HUNT

BFC 21103 HYDRAULICS S4

Dr SITI NAZAHIYAH BINTI RAHMAT

CHAN QING WEI ( K ) (AF150186)

SYAIRA AMIZA BINTI CHE RUS (AF150017)
NUR AZREENA BINTI MOHD ZIN (AF150016)
NUR HANNANI ADILAH BINTI MOHD HISHAM (AF150009)
NURDIYANA SYAHIRAH BINTI ZULKARNAIN (AF150031)
Objective
To understand the concept of uniform flow.
To obtain the value of velocity V and rate of
flow Q by applying the Manning equation.
To develop and apply relationships for flow
area, wetted perimeter and the longitudinal
slope at upstream, middle and downstream.
Channel 1: Artificial rectangular
channel

Location : Channel no.1 , The perimeter of

E10 building
Latitude Longitude : (1.858626 ,
103.085578)
Channel characteristic : Combination of
rectangular shape with
Sides has been covered with mortar.
Date : 14th April 2017
Time : 9.00 a.m. 12.00 p.m.
Weather : Sunny day
On site observation : Good weather to
measure the drain. Water flowing slowly in in
the channel.
 Channel 2: Composite
channel

Location : Channel no.2 , The perimeter

of A2 building
Latitude Longitude : 1.858625 ,
103.085572
Channel characteristic : composite
channel, which consists a semicircle at the
bottom of channel and a rectangular
channel at the top.
Date : 14th April 2017
Time : 9.00 a.m. 12.00 p.m.
Weather : Sunny
On site observation : The channel was
dry due to no rain or any other drainage
from nearby buildings. The channel was
clean and empty.
 Channel 3:Trapezoidal
channel

Location : Channel no.3, The perimeter

of FPTP building
Latitude Longitude : 1.858626 ,
103.085578
Channel characteristic : Trapezoidal
channel.
Date : 14th April 2017
Time : 9.00 a.m. 12.00 p.m.
Weather : Sunny
On site observation : A deep water
channel with leaves floating on the water.
Long water channel stretches through
the whole frontier of FPTP building.
 Channel 4: Semi circle
channel

Location : Channel no.4, the perimeter

of F2 near PPA building
Latitude Longitude : (1.8576670,
103.0850670)
Channel characteristic : Semi circle
Date : 14th April 2017
Time : 10.00 a.m.
Weather : Sunny day
On site observation : A dry drain
without any water and dry leaves.
Channel 1: Rectangular channel
 Channel 2: Composite channel
Upstream, Midstream, Downstream,
0m 1.5m 3.0m
Total depth, D
26.4 26.6 26.5
(cm)
Top width, T
23 23 23
(cm)

(a) Average depth, D = (c) Wetted

26.4+26.6+26.53 Perimeter,
= 8.83 cm ~ 0.083 m Ptotal = 2y + Arc2
(b) Area of rectangular channel, = (2*15.1) + 0.5
Atotal = (B1*y + 1/2 (r2 ) (2**11.5)
Atotal = 23*15.1 + 0.5 ()(11.52) = 66.328 cm
Atotal = 347.3+207.74 = 0.663 m
= 555.04 cm2 (d) Radius , R = AP
Atotal = 0.0555 m2 = 0.05550.663
= 0.0837m
(e) Manning
coefficient
roughness, n = 0.017
( concrete channel)
 Calculation of uniform velocity, V and rate of bank
full flow,
Q:

Uniform velocity,V = 1/n * R2\3 * S01\2

= (1\0.017) * (0.0837)2\3 * (0.0246)1\2
= 1.77m/s

Q = VA
Qmax = 1.77 * 0.0555
= 0.098 m3/s
Channel 3: Trapezoidal channel
Upstream, 0m Midstream, 1.5m Downstream, 3.0m

Total depth, D (cm) 39 40 42

Bottom width, B (cm) 14.2 15.2 13.5

Top width, T (cm) 42 42 42

Total water depth, y (cm) 18.4 18 18.5

Slope of channel, z 0.71 0.67 0.68

Average top width = (42+42+42)/3=42cm

Average height = (39+40+42)/3=40.3cm
Average bottom width = 14.2+15.2+13.53=14.3cm
Average water depth = 18.4+18+18.53=18.3cm
Average slope = 0.71+0.67+0.683=0.69

Mannings roughness coefficient, = 0.012 (a concrete channel)

Longitudinal Slope= Difference of vertical distance/Total length
= LL
= 0.005 m/3 m
= 0.0017
(I) Bankfull flow
ymax = 42 cm = 0.42 m
Calculation of flow area:
Amax= Bymax + zymax 2
= 0.143(0.42) + 0.69(0.42)2
= 0.1818 m2
Calculation of wetted perimeter:
Pmax= B + 2ymax1+ z2
= 0.143 + 2(0.42)1+ 0.692
= 1.1636 m
Calculation of hydraulic radius:
Rmax= AP
= 0.1818 1.1636
= 0.156 m
Calculation of velocity of flow:
V = 1/n Rmax S0
2/3 1/2
= 10.012 (0.156) (0.0017)
2/3 1/2
= 0.996 ms-1
Calculation of rate of flow:
Q = AV = 0.1818 0.996
= 0.181 m3/s
(ii) Current water depth
y = 18.5 cm = 0.185 m
Calculation of flow area:
A = By + zy2
= 0.143(0.185) + 0.69(0.185) 2
= 0.05 m2
Calculation of wetted perimeter:
P = B + 2y1+ z2
= 0.143 + 2(0.185)1+ 0.692
= 0.593 m
Calculation of hydraulic radius:
R = AP
= 0.050.593
= 0.084 m
Calculation of velocity of flow:
V = 1n R 2/3S 1/2
0
= 10.012 (0.084) 2/3 (0.0017) 1/2
= 0.659 ms-1
Calculation of rate of flow:
Q = AV = 0.05 0.659
0.033 m3
 Hence, A= 3ye2
(III) For best hydraulic section, Then, B= 3ye2ye-13ye=1.1547ye
Q = 15.85 m3/s P = 3ye2ye+3ye
Q = 15.85 m3/s, z = 13 , n = 0.012, P = 3.4641ye
s0=0.0017
R = AP=3ye23.4641ye= ye2
For trapezoid,
From Manning equation,
A = By + zy2 15.85=(10.012)(3ye2)(ye2)23(0.0017)
P = B + 2y1+z2 12
For best hydraulic section dPdy=0 ye83=4.227777161
ye= 1.717 m
Lets first assume A and z to be
constant: B= Ay-zy Then,
Substituting B, A= 3(1.717)2=5.1062 m2
P = Ay-zy+2y1+z2 B=1.1547(1.717)= 1.9826 m
Substitute z = 13 , P = 3.4641(1.717)= 5.9479 m
P= Ay-13y+2y43 R = (1.717)2=0.8585 m
P = Ay+3y

For best hydraulic section -

Aye2+3=0
 Channel 4: Semi Circle
Channel
Downstream, Midstream,
Upstream, 3m
0m 1.5m
Depth, y (cm) 9.4 10.0 9.8
Top width, T
22.5 22.5 22.5
(cm)
Diameter, d
19.5 19.5 19.5
(cm)
(a) Average depth, y :
=9.4+10.0+9.83
=9.73 cm (d) hydraulic
= 0.0973 m radius,
(b) Total area, A : R = AP
A=D28 (-sin) = (0.015 m2 ) / (0.31 m)
=0.19528 (-sin) =0.015 m2 = 0.048 m
(c) Wetted
perimeter, (e) manning roughness, n =0.020
(a concrete channel, clean, and
P = D2 = (0.195)2 completed)
= 0.31 m

Calculation of uniform velocity,V and
rate of bank full flow, Q
:
Calculation of best hydraulic section
with the rate of flow is 15.85
V =1nR23S012
=10.02(ye2)23(0.016)12

=3.98ye23
Uniform velocity,V = 1/nR(2/3)S00.5
=
10.02(0.048)23(0.016)12 Q = VA
= 0.835 m/s 15.85 =(3.98ye23) (2ye2)
2.54 = ye83
The discharge of flow of channel is: ye= 1.417
Q = VA A = 2(1.417)2=3.15 m2
Q = (0.835) (0.015) P = (1.417)= 4.452 m
= 0.01253 m3/s R = A / P = (3.15) / (4.452) = 0.7076 m
CONCLUSION
In the nutshell, perimeter and total area of the channel are
the key for the successful calculation of the channel.
The correct area will affect the measurement of other values
such as perimeter and slope.
In any construction of the channel, discharge and velocity of
the flow of water will affect whether there will be erosion of
the channel or wastage happen in the future.

Recommendations
1. Area and perimeter of chosen channel must be determined
correctly without any parallax error.
2. Manning roughness coefficient must be accurate with
different characteristics of channel.
3. Average length of perimeter, top width and total depth must
be taken to minimize systemic error.