Muhammad Asim Butt

asim.butt@umt.edu.pk
 Surah Al-Hujurat

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Course Information
Instructor: Muhammad Asim Butt
asim.butt@umt.edu.pk

Course Web Page

http://lms.umt.edu.pk/

Text Book
Communication Systems, 5th Edition Simon Haykin
Reference
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems 4th Edition B.P. Lathi and
Zhi Ding
Communication Systems, 5th Edition A.Bruce Carlson

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
Text Book :
Reference Book :
 Relationship to other Modules
Pre-requisites
Signals and Systems (EE315)
Probability and statistica for engineers (EE306)

Dependent Courses:
Wireless Communication
Digital Communication.

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Course Objective
CLO1: Describe an overall view of communication system
techniques and technologies with emphasis on analog
communication. (Level: C1)
CLO2: To represent the periodic and non-periodic signals using
Fourier series and Fourier transforms in both time and frequency
domains. Explain the transmission of signals through linear systems.
Also describe complex baseband representation of their bandpass
signal representation. (Level: C4)
CLO3: Analyze the behavior of amplitude and frequency modulated
signals both in time and frequency domain. (Level: C4)
CLO4: Explain the implementation of several electronic circuits for
well known Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation
(FM) transmitter and receiver. (Level: C4)
CLO5:Explain and evaluate the effects of noise on the performance
of analog communication system.

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Grading Policy

Quizzes & Assignments 20

Mid Term 30
Final exam 50

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Assessments
FOUR assessments are required.
These assessments will include quizzes and
assignments.
Due to rampant copying in assignments, every
assignment will be followed by a quiz from
that assignment and the quiz score will be the
assignment score.

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Assessments
No quiz will be less than TEN minutes and more than
Twenty minutes duration.
Mid-term exam will be of exactly ONE HOUR duration
and will be conducted in WEEK 8. There will be no
lectures or lab sessions in the Mid-term Week.
Final exam will be of 120 minutes duration.
Attendance is mandatory, Students having below 80%
attendance will be awarded SA.

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Course Description
Topics include
Overview of Signals and Systems
Transmission of Signals
Amplitude Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Noise in Analog Modulation
Sampling and Pulse Code Modulation

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Lecture 1: INTRODUCTION
Communication System Block Diagram
( Transmitter and Receiver)
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Channel
Bandwidth and Data Rate
Randomness, Redundancy and Coding
Performance Metrics for Communication
Systems

This lecture has been prepared from different web resources. Muhammad Asim Butt
 Smoke signal
The smoke signal is
one of the oldest
forms of long-
distance
communication. It is
a form of visual
communication used
over long distance. In
general smoke signals
are used to transmit
news, signal danger,
or gather people to a
common
area.Wikipedia

Fall 2014 Communication Systems -

9/30/2017 13
Dr.Muhammad Adnan
 Fall 2014 Communication Systems -
9/30/2017 14
Dr.Muhammad Adnan
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A PORTRAIT

MULTIPLEXER ANALOG
(FDM) MODULATION

ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONDITIONER
Video DIGITAL DIGITAL SIGNAL MULTIPLEXER MODULATION FREQUENCY POWER
TRANSDUCER +
CONVERTOR PROCESSING (TDM) (ASK,FSK, TRANSLATION AMPLIFIER
FILTER
(PAM/PCM/DM) PSK,QAM)
BASEBAND ANALOG COMMUNICATION

BASEBAND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

BASEBAND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL
NETWORK

Satellite dish
CARRIER &
CLOCK
Microwave tower
RECOVERY

CONDITIONER DIGITAL TO TUNER

DEMODULATION
TRANSDUCER + ANALOG DSP DEMULTIPLEXER + PRE-AMPLIFIER
DECODIING
FILTER CONVERTOR FILTER

DEMULTIPLEXER DEMODULATION
Motivations.
A. Internet Growth (Fastest and Cheepest Communication):
a) Online Applications (Admission, Registration, Banking) ,
b) Entertainment Online Gaming , TV broadcast,Multimedia (youtube,
dailymotion,imdb for movies, youku etc)
c) Socializing : Facebook, Twitter , LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google Plus+ ,
Tumblr, Instagram, VK, Flickr, Vine, Meetup , Tagged , Ask.fm,
MeetMe, Class Mates.
d) Ongoing Research for Home Security and Monitoring Appliances ,
Internet of Things .

B. Satellite Communication
a) Providing Higher Mobility via Satellite Phones (Thuraya XT)
b) Global Positioning System (GPS) for Navigation and Control
(GLONASS (Russia), Galilleo Positioning System (European Union),
Beidou (Chinese), INRSS (India)).
c) Digital TV Broadcast HDTV C-band (48 GHz) or Ku-band (128 GHz)
d) Weather Forecast and Mine Exploration .
C. Mobile Communication.
a) GSM and GPRS for voice and data users.
b) CDMA 1x and 3x for high data rate services
c) LTE and LTE- A for broadband applications like video streaming
d) Free Space Optics and 5G Mobile Communication

D. Airport Aviation Control System.

a) Air to Air Communication
b) Air to Ground Communication

E. Wireless Local Area Networks

F. AdHoc Networks
 PSTN Call Routing Example
Long distance line International
Local exchange International line
exchange

Long distance
Local line exchange

Long distance line

Local
exchange
 Call Routing from Cellular to PSTN

Mobile switching
Center (MSC)
sometimes also
called as MTSO
(Mobile Telephone
Switching Office)

Each base station is connected with MSC and MSC is connected with PSTN to connect
the cellular system with the PSTN
 Introduction to Cellular System

A cell is assigned some number of channels which can be re-assigned to

another cell by leaving neighboring cells (under some criterian.)

Typically one channel is allocated to a user for the duration of call.

All users of the cell communicate with a base station

Base station is connected to MTSO which is connected to PSTN

Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses Frequency Modulation with

FDMA.

Global System for Mobiles (GSM) uses TDMA-FDD alongwith digital

modulation
 Radio Broadcast (An Example)

Two modes are used

AM
Amplitude modulation
535-1605kHz
10kHz channels

FM
Frequency modulation
88-108MHz
Channels centered at 200kHz intervals starting at
88.1MHz
 Computer Networks (An Example)

Local Area Networks (LANs)

Connect closely located computers

Data bits are transmitted in chunks (packets) for efficiency/feasibility

reasons

Various LAN protocols are used in practice

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

A wide area backbone network connects different LANs

A standard protocol is needed for such communication (TCP/IP)

 Wireless Local Area Network (An Example) 01011011

1011 0101

Internet
Access
Point
Spectrum 59 64 GHz
WLANs connect local computers
Confined region (around 100 m)
Breaks data into packets
Channel access is shared (random access)
Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
 Wireless Local Area Network (An Example)

802.11b
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
Frequency hopped spread spectrum
5.5-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

802.11a
Standard for 5GHz UNII (Unlicensed
National Information Infrastructure) band (300 MHz)
OFDM with time division
Up to 54 Mbps, variable range

802.11g
Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
OFDM
Speeds up to 54 Mbps
 AdHoc Networks (An Example)

Peer-to-peer communications.
No backbone infrastructure.
Routing can be multi-hop.
Topology is dynamic.
Fully connected with different link based on SINRs.
Sensor Networks and Mesh networks are two special types of AdHoc
Networks.
 BlueTooth (An Example)

Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)

2.4 GHz band (crowded)

1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics

companies

Few applications beyond cable replacement

 Communication Block Description

Transmitter, a generic form for the processing of information in the form

provided by the source into a form suitable for transmitting over the channel.
Match the characteristics of information t the characteristics of channel
e.g efficiency of radiation of an antenna will depends on the size of the
antenna relative to its wavelegth(need of modulation)
Operations: Amplification, Modulation

Modulation
For ease of radiation
For frequency translation to different bands: For multiplexing or
transmission of several message over a single channel
to avoid bands with noise and interference
For channel assignment
To overcome equipment limitation
Modulation encodes message into amplitude, phase or frequency of
carrier signal (AM, PM, FM)
 Communication Block Description

Transmitter,

Advantages:
Reduce noise and interference
Multiplexing
Channel Assignment
Examples: TV station, radio station, web server
 Communication Block Description .

Channel
As transmission medium
e.g., cable, optical fiber and air .
One important characteristic of channel is BW i.e where it
supports propagation of signal.
Free space although a single medium, it behaves differently
for different bans. So it act like a different medium
As a MODEL:Channel will model all the goods and bads that will
be done to signal propagating through it , in receiver or transmitter
like:
Attenuation, Noise, Distortion, Interference.

It is analog in nature, i.e it treats both analog and digital signal

alike (as analog)
 Propagation in communication channel
Types of comm. Channels from propagation point of view
EM wave (free space) channel
Truly exist only in space. Waves propagate thru spherical wave fronts (not possible on
earth)
Straight line or Line of sight (LOS) is possible at higher frequecies
Below 30MHz ionosphere can be used for long distance propagation by reflection
mechanism
More higher frequencies escape the ionosphere and we need some satellite to reflect
them back.
Guided EM wave propagation channel
Ground wave, surface of the earth act as guiding conductor. Used for lower frequencies.
Cables or pairs of wire
waveguides

Optical channel
Fiber optics
Free space optics
 Communication Block Description.

Receiver, a generic term for the process of converting the signal

transmitted over the channel back to a form that may be understood at
the intended destination.
The receivers function is typically greater than simply being the
inverse of the transmitter, the receiver may also have to compensate
for the distortions induced by the channel and perform other functions
such as synchronization of the receiver to the transmitter.
Extracts message from the received signal
Operations: Amplification, Demodulation, Decoding ,
Filtering(Equalization)
Goal: The receiver output is a scaled, possibly delayed version
of the message signal (ideal transmission)
Examples: TV set, radio, web client
 Communication Block Description

Noise, Noise can broadly be defined as any unknown signal that

affects the recovery of the desired signal.
Internal Noise:
o Generated in all components within a communication
system due to random motion of free electrons(thermal
noise)
oShot noise: random arrival of charge carriers in various
semiconductor devices

External Noise:
Natural
Man-made noise
 External Noise: Natural

o Atmospheric noise (Lightening discharges:very narrow

burst of large EM energy:impulse)
o Actualy it is a pulse with sinc spectrum and is proportional to
1/f, is significant at lower frequencies .
o In the case of analog (voice ) communication impulsive
noise is at most an irritation. But for data communication
this noise could be fatal.
o So impulsive noise is something we should worry about
in Digital Communication
 External Noise: Man-made noise
Powerline corona discharge
Commutator generator noise (impulsive noise)
(ignition noise)
Radio frequency Interference (RFI)

Fall 2014 Communication Systems -

9/30/2017 35
Dr.Muhammad Adnan
 External Noise: Man-made noise
Radio frequency interference (RFI)

High density transmission environment (lots of mobile

phones)
Every communication activity is a source of interference to
the other unless they are highly away from each other in the
rspectrum.
RFI can be due to extra terrestrial sources. Sun is a major
source of EM energy also
Fading effect due to multipath
propagation.(constructive/destructive interference).
Destructive for data communication.

Fall 2014 Communication Systems -

9/30/2017 36
Dr.Muhammad Adnan
 Communication Block Description

Input Transducer: Converts the message produced by a

source to a form suitable for the communication system.
e.g.,
Speech wavesMicrophoneVoltage
 Communication Block Description

Source of Information
voice, music, picture , video , text , E-mail etc
Kind of communication system that you will design will depend on
source of information
Most important feature of information source is its spectral
occupancy(BW).
The amount of information that is being conveyed by the signal does
not necessarily be proportional to the BW of the signal
BW is a very important resource of the Communication System.
(Other most imp parameter is power of the signal)
In case of DATA(text) transmission BW will depend on data rate at
which we want to transmit. You can have low BW or High BW signal.
 Communication Block Description

Source Encoder/ Decoder

The purpose of source coding is to reduce the number of bits
required to convey the information provided by the information
source.
The task of source coding is to represent the source
information with the minimum of symbols.
High compression rates (Good compression rates) may be
achieved with source encoding with lossless or little loss of
information.
Source Coding
Fixed-length coding
o Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
o Differential Pulse-code modulation (DPCM)
Variable-length coding
o Huffman Coding/ entropy coding
 Communication Block Description

Channel Encoder/ Decoder

A way of encoding data in a communications channel that
adds patterns of redundancy into the transmission path in
order to lower the error rate.
The task of channel coding is to represent the source
information in a manner that minimizes the error probability
in decoding.

Error Control Coding

Error detection coding
Error correct coding
Example of Error Control Coding
Linear block codes
Convolutional codes
Turbo codes
Trellis coded Modulation
 Communication Block Description

Synchronization
Symbol/ Timing synchronization

Frequency synchronization
oCarrier frequency synchronization
oSampling frequency synchronization

Two basic types of synchronization

Data-aid algorithm
oTraining sequences
oPreambles
Non-data-aid algorithm
oBlind
 Communication Block Description

Channel Estimation

A channel estimate is only a mathematical estimation of

what is truly happening in nature.
Allows the receiver to approximate the effect of the
channel on the signal.
The channel estimate is essential for removing inter
symbol interference, noise rejection techniques etc.

Two basic types of channel estimation methods

Data-aid algorithm
o Training sequences
o pilots
Non-data-aid algorithm
o Blind
 Communication Block Description

Analog Modulation
AM
FM
PM

Pulse Modulation
PAM / PPM / PCM / PWM

Digital Modulation
ASK
FSK
PSK
APSK (QAM)
 Communication Block Description

The output transducer completes the communication system

The device converts the electrical signal at its input into the form
desired for the system user

Examples: Loudspeakers, PC
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A PORTRAIT

MULTIPLEXER ANALOG
(FDM) MODULATION

ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONDITIONER
Video DIGITAL DIGITAL SIGNAL MULTIPLEXER MODULATION FREQUENCY POWER
TRANSDUCER +
CONVERTOR PROCESSING (TDM) (ASK,FSK, TRANSLATION AMPLIFIER
FILTER
(PAM/PCM/DM) PSK,QAM)
BASEBAND ANALOG COMMUNICATION

BASEBAND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

BASEBAND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL

TWISTED PAIR/COAXIAL
NETWORK

Satellite dish
CARRIER &
CLOCK
Microwave tower
RECOVERY

CONDITIONER DIGITAL TO TUNER

DEMODULATION
TRANSDUCER + ANALOG DSP DEMULTIPLEXER + PRE-AMPLIFIER
DECODIING
FILTER CONVERTOR FILTER

DEMULTIPLEXER DEMODULATION
 Performance Metrics
Signal to Noise Ratio :
In communication system, the performance measure is
signal to noise ratio calculated in Decibel (dB)

Bit Error Rate :

In Digital Communication, the performance measure is bit
error rate (BER) or theoretically calculated as probability of
bit error Pb. Sometimes , we evaluate the performance by
Symbol Error Rate (SER) or theoretically calculated as
probability of symbol error Ps.

The purpose of any communication system is to maximize

the received signal to noise ratio in order to minimize the
BER or SER .
 Important Definitions
Decibel (dB) : A logarithmic unit that is used to describe
the ratio (difference) of transmitted and received power.

Ptx
dB 10log10
10 log (P1/P2) dB
Prx

Example:
transmit power P1 = 100W,
received power P2 = 1 W
The difference is 10log(100/1) = 20dB.
 Important Definitions
Bandwidth : , in general, represents a range of frequencies. Bandwidth
is indicative of the communication capacity

Bandwidth is 400 MHz

300 MHz 700 MHz

Why we use the term Bandwidth ?

To specify the communication capacity

A medium such as a coaxial cable is associated with a bandwidth.

To indicate the bandwidth of a technology

Voice grade circuits have a bandwidth of 4 KHz (0-4000 Hz)
 Important Definitions
Unit of Bandwidth : are Hertz (Hz).
As communication speed is proportional to bandwidth by Shannon's
Law; So the units of bits per second (bps) may also be used .
Remember ;

103 1 kilo 103bps=1 kbps 103 Hz=1 kHz

106 1 Mega 106 bps=1 Mbps 106 Hz=1 MHz
109 1 Giga 109 bps=1 Gbps 109 Hz=1 GHz

Limiting Factors on Communication Speed :

1. Medium (Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable , Optical Fiber, Air)

2. Technology (processing and transmission speed)
3. Noise and Interference .
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a
single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for
instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. It was invented
by Alexander Graham Bell. (Ref: Wikipedia)

Ref: cablecable.com
Effect of Noise on Parallel Lines.
Effect of Noise on Twisted Pairs.
Ref: fiberstore.com
Performance of Twisted Pair Cables
Coaxial Cable :
 Table Categories of coaxial cables

Category Impedance Use

RG-59 75 W Cable TV

RG-58 50 W Thin Ethernet

RG-11 50 W Thick Ethernet

Radio Government (RG) rating

BNC Connectors for Coaxial Cable
Performance of Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable

125 um Glass or Plastic

Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber Construction
 Unguided Media: Wireless

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Infrared

Spectrum for Wireless Communication.

Propagation Methods.
Frequency Bands.
 Some Typical Frequency Bands.

System Typical Frequency

FM Radio ~ 88 MHz
TV Broadcast ~ 200 MHz
GSM Phones ~ 900 MHz
GPS ~ 1.2 GHz
PCS Phones ~ 1.8 GHz
Bluetooth ~ 2.4 GHz
WiFi ~ 2.4 GHz
 Frequency Spectrum Management.

1. Most precious resource in communications is frequency spectrum

The frequency spectrum has to be shared by a large number of users and
applications like ;
AM Radio, FM Radio, TV, cellular telephony, wireless local-area-networks,
satellite, air traffic control
2. The frequency spectrum has to be managed for a particular physical
medium
3. The spectrum for over-the-air communications is allocated by
international communications organization
4. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designates and licenses
frequency bands in the US.
5. In Pakistan , Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) and Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority (PTA) allocates the spectrum for various
Applications.
 Shannon-Hartley Capacity Theorem

Shannon obtained formulas that provide fundamental limits on data

rates in his published paper as a graduate student of MIT in 1948.

Considering all possible multi-level and multi-phase encoding

techniques, the ShannonHartley theorem states the channel
capacity C, meaning the theoretical tightest upper bound on
the information rate
(excluding error correcting codes) of clean
(or arbitrarily low bit error rate) data that can be sent
with a given average signal power S through an analog
communication channel subject to
additive white Gaussian noise of power N, is:

S
C B log 2 1
N Claude Elwood Shannon Ralph Hartley
(1916-2001) (1888-1970)
 Concluding Remarks

Communication systems encompass many and highly diverse applications

Radios, television, wireless communications, satellite communications,
deep-space communications, telephony, data networks, Internet, and quite
a few others.

Digital communication has established itself as the dominant form of

communication. Much of the progress that we have witnessed in the
advancement of digital communication systems can be traced to certain
enabling theories and technologies.

The study of communication systems is a dynamic discipline, continually

evolving by exploiting new technological innovations in other disciplines
and responding to new societal needs.

Last but by no means least, communication systems touch out daily lives
both at home and in the workplace, and our lives would be much poorer
without the wide availability of communication devices that we take for
granted.