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26/01/12

Materi Kuliah GD 3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II 2011/2012

Chapter 01B : Photogrammetric Systems

Compiled and developed by


Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
saptomo@gd.itb.ac.id

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis


Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
What is photogrammetry ?
Definitions
Photogrammetric Systems Chapter 01B
Photogrammetric Applications
Photogrammetric Products
Specific Examples of Professional Photogramme-
tric Services
Problems / Exercises
References
Tugas Kuliah No. 1
Photogrammetric Project
Examples of Photogrammetric Projects
Images for Photogrammetric Projects
Photogrammetry and GIS
Aerial Frame Photography
Photogrammetric Processing
(1) Acquisition and preparation of (2) Processing of the imagery to derive
imagery and support data. the required products

Project definition, Deciding which


specifications, and planning; photogrammetric system to
Acquisition of suitable imagery; use based on the specified
Preprocessing of the imagery in products expected from the
preparation for use in the project.
photogrammetric reduction or
processing system; and
Collection of other, supporting
data such as survey-derived
ground control, or aerial
control.
Project
definition

Project
specifications

Project
(a)
planning

Acquisition of Collection of Processing of the


suitable imagery other, supporting imagery to derive
data such as the required
ground control, products
Preprocessing of and/or aerial
the imagery control
Photogrammetric
(a) products
PELAKSANAAN PROYEK

Titik Kontrol Fotografi Udara


Tanah (dan Titik Kontrol Udara)

PERENCANAAN
PROYEK Aero-
Triangulasi

KONTROL Pemetaan
KUALITAS Fotogrametrik

Produk
Fotogrametrik
FOTOGRAMETRI Example of a
Photogrammetric Project
Acquisition of Suitable Imagery

FOTO UDARA
DENGAN PERTAMPALAN
(60% - 70%)

Imagery

FOTO
KIRI
FOTO
KANAN
PROYEKTOR
KIRI PROYEKTOR
KANAN Photogrammetric Orientation Photogrammetric
RESTITUSI MODEL 3D
(Images Georeferencing) processing

MODEL 3D TRACING
(photogrammetric
TABLE
system)
PROYEKSI
Spatial Data Collection
TEGAK

PETA
Photogrammetric Product
BOBBY SD - 1999
Example of a Photogrammetric Project

Supporting Data Acquisition of Suitable Imagery

Bridging the ground


control points Photogrammetric
Processing
Photogrammetric Orientation (Processing of the
(Images Georeferencing) Imagery to Derive the
Required Products)
Georeferenced Images
Photogrammetric
Spatial Data Collection
System

Photogrammetric Product
(Produk Fotogrametrik)
Contoh Proyek Fotogrametrik
PETA GARIS 2D/3D

Proses
PETA FOTO
Pengolahan
Fotogrametris

MOSAIK TAK
TERKONTROL

Orientasi
Scanning Interior Plotting/
dan Konversi Relatif Rektifikasi
Absolut

(Pengolahan / Sistem Fotogrametrik)


Airborne imagery
Satellite imagery
Close-range or industrial applications are
characterized by having the cameras or sensors
on or very near the surface of the earth, usually
stationary, although some applications rely on
motion in the form of image sequences. Film-
based, video, and digital cameras are all being
used for a variety of applications (medical,
engineering, architectural, etc.).
Phototheodolite Terrestrial Photograph

(Horizontal camera axis)


For metrical work, the photographs must be
taken with a precision metric aerial camera
whose geometric characteristics have been
determined by a calibration process.

This type of camera is referred to as a frame


camera since it exposes an entire frame in
essentially one instant of time.
Aerial Photographs

(Photographic/Analogue Photographs, product of Film Camera)


Foto Vertikal, diambil dengan sumbu kamera diusaha-
kan vertikal.
Foto Vertikal Sempurna (truly vertical)
Foto Nyaris Vertikal (tilted, near vertical), tilt < 3o
Aplikasi untuk pemetaan
Foto Miring (oblique), diambil dengan sumbu kamera
dengan sudut tilt yang besar (tilt > 3o).
Foto Miring (low oblique)
Foto Miring Sekali (high oblique)
Aplikasi untuk interpretasi, seni, militer
Klasifikasi Foto Udara
Berdasarkan Kemiringan Sumbu Kamera (2)
Horizon tak tampak Horizon tampak

Citra grid di foto

Lensa kamera

Sumbu
kamera

Obyek berupa grid

Vertikal Low oblique High oblique


Klasifikasi Foto Udara
Berdasarkan Kemiringan Sumbu Kamera (3)

Low oblique High oblique


Electronic imaging systems are more practical for satellite
imagery than photographic systems because of the difficulty
of retrieving the expose film from space, compared with
transmitting the digital images to ground stations.

One of the most successful to date is the SPOT system, which


uses a linear array in a so-called pushbroom imaging mode.

Of interest to photogrammetrists : high resolution satellite


only (everything else is remote sensing)
WorldView 1 & 2, GeoEye-1, Ikonos and Quickbird.
Nominally 50 cm, 1 m, and 60 cm pixel size, respectively.
(SPOT) (WorldView) (GeoEye)

(Ikonos) (Quickbird)
26/01/12
01/02/12
contribution of photogrammetry

(Airborne, Satellite, Close-range)


Image acquisition is
one of the earlier
steps, which provides
an important source of
data.

The photogrammetric system is at the


heart of information extraction, which
provides several of the components or
layers in the information system, usually
a Geographic Information System, or GIS.
GIS is a computer-based systems enable storing, integrating,
manipulating, analyzing, and displaying virtually any type of
spatially related information about the environment.
An essential element of any GIS is a complex relational
database.
The information that comprises the database usually includes
both natural and cultural features.
Specific types of information, or layers, within the database may
include
political boundaries, individual property ownership, transportation
networks, utilities, topography, hydrography, soil types, land use,
vegetation types, wetlands, etc.
GIS Data Base

Layers in the information To be used in a GIS, however, all


system (Digital Topographic data must be spatially related;
Data Base / DTDB), produced i.e., all the data must be in a
photogrammetrically. common geographic frame of
reference.
Photogrammetry is ideal for deriving much of this layered
information.
Topographic maps, DEMs, and digital orthophotos are examples
of photogrammetric products which are now commonly
employed in developing these spatially related layers of
information.
By employing photogrammetry, the data can be compiled more
economically than through ground surveying methods, and this
can be achieved with comparable or even greater spatial
accuracy.
Furthermore, the data are compiled directly in digital format,
and thus are compatible for direct entry into GIS database. (GIS-
ready data, digital topographic database / DTDB)
Fotogrametri,
dan Berbagai Metode Akuisisi Data untuk GIS
For purposes of geometry and mathematical modelling, the camera
lens is represented by a single point, called the perspective center, e-
ven though the lens assembly is composed of many optical elements.
The optical axis of the camera lens is most often vertical in aerial
photography. Consequently, an essential square area of the terrain is
photographed by the square format of the aerial photograph.
Overlap dan Sidelap

r un 2
si d el a
p
ov er
l ap r un 1
Triple overlap.
Triple overlap.
The large overlap between successive photographs serves
three primary purposes.

First, it provides coverage of the entire ground area from two


view points, which is necessary for stereoscopic viewing. Two
photographs successively exposed along a flight line are called
a stereo pair of photographs.
Second, it allows all but the central portion of each photo-
graph to be discarded in the construction of mosaics.
Third, the small overlap area between alternate photographs
(triple overlap) is necessary for establishing supplemental
ground control by photogrammetric triangulation.
Photogrammetric processing systems :
processing a single image at a time (monoscopic), and
process two or more images simultaneously, usually allowing for
stereo viewing. ()
analog in nature, called stereoplotters, and used hardcopy
photographs, usually in pairs, as input.
photogrammetric workstations, operate on digital images and can
therefore process multiple images.
All systems essentially implement the fundamental photogram-
metric (projective/perspective) relationship between the ob-
ject and its images.
Once this relationship is established (image georeferencing),
various types of data and information may then be extracted as
output of the system (spatial data collection).
Processing a
single image
(monoscopic)

Process
two images
(stereoscopic)

(Aerotriangulation)

Process
multiple
images
(multistation,
multistereo)

(Close-range Photogrammetry)
Materi Kuliah GD 3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II 2011/2012

End of Chapter 01B, to be continued to Chapter 01C

Compiled and developed by


Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
saptomo@gd.itb.ac.id

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis


Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung

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