INTERRELATIONSHIPS in

ENERGY METABOLISM

Irfannuddin, Herry Asnawi

Department of Physiology & Biophysics
Block of Homeostasis & Metabolism
 Trigger

Mrs. Nyentrik, 36 years old, wants to be tiny that always

be loved by her husband.
She does the super intensive diet, eats diuretics and
follows exercise programs every day 2 hours in fitness
center
After 2 months hard working, her body weight decreases
12 kg.
However, in last, he often got cold, weakness, trembling,
menstrual disorder and easily offended.
What happen to her ?
Ideas ?
 Learning Objective
Review of metabolism principles
Review of energy system
Energy benefits & utilizing in living
Interrelationships in nutrients metabolism
Mechanism of ATP formation
Metabolic rate measurements
Energy balance
Types of energy utilization in daily living
 What is metabolism ?
Metabolism (Gr):
change/transformation
- All the chemical and energy
transformations that occur in the
body (Sherwood)
- The series of chemical reaction
process in the cell that make the
cell enable to continue their live
(Guyton)
 The most important chemical reaction

Oxidation process of carbohydrate

CH2O + O2 H2O + CO2 + Energy (ATP)

CH2O could be converted from

Fat : FFA (C16H18O2)
Protein (CHON)
By ?
What are the types of Metabolism?

Anabolism & Catabolism

Anabolism :
Micro molecule Macromolecule
Using/wasting energy

Example:
-Adenosine Tri Phosphates (ATP) formation
- ready use energy
-Cell manufacture (from protein)
-Stand by energy store (glycogen / CHO
complex)
-Unused energy store (fat)
Catabolism
Degradation of energy rich
macromolecule
Energy product
2-steps: - Hydrolysis (bigger
molecule)
- Oxidation (smaller
molecule)

CHO, Fat, Protein oxidation CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

Catabolism

Anabolism
Anabolism-Catabolism can be
back & forth
Road-map of Metabolism
Is energy produced only by
oxidation ?
What is Energy ?
E = Work = Heat = Force x Distance

E = m.c2 = Capacity to do work

The nature of energy:

Newtons 1st thermodynamics law ?
Can you explain what its mean ?
 Energy form
Chemical-bond energy
Kinetics energy (motion energy)
Energy in action
Rolling ball (mechanics)
Spreading perfume
Electrical current
Boiling water (thermal)
Potentials energy (stored energy)
Energy stored between nucleus and electron that form chemical
bond
ATP
Gasoline
 Energy in Human Body
Resources : Nutrients (CHO, Protein. Fat)
Masticated digested absorbed distributed
(Metabolism) Biology activity
CHO, Protein, Fat (Store)
Heat
Nutrients
50% Heat
50% ATP + Store
50% Heat
50% Biology activity
25% Biology Activity
External:
Muscle contraction to move the out-side object
Mechanical work
Internal:
Muscle activity to maintain posture, shivering
Physiological activity
Chemical work: enzymes activity, synthesis, digest
Transport work: circulation, active transport (ion,
molecule)
75% Heat
Useless energy ?
Body temperature regulation
Environment often cooler than body
Body has always product heat to maintain
metabolism
37C
Smoothly chemical reaction
Secure protein intact
Fluently circulation
Interrelationships in nutrition
metabolism
 DIETs
Fats
Proteins
FFA + glycerol CHOs

Amino acids
Lipo Fat Glucose
genesis Stores Lipogenesis
Excess glucose Glycogenesis Body
Lipo Glycogen proteins
lysis Gluconeogenesis
FFA stores
pool Glycogenolisis
Excess Glucose Amino acids
nutrients pool pool
Gluconeogenesis

Metabolism in Brain
most tissue metabolism
Urine
What is the main destination of energy
metabolism ?
ATP Adenosine (adenine + ribose) + 3
Phosphate
Nukleotida
NH2
: Purina + Sugar +
Phosphate
C N
N C CH
HC C
N N O O O
O OCH2 P O P O P OH
OH OH OH
OH
ATP as an ready-used fuels for
biological activities
 How is the ATP produced ?
1. Creatine-phosphates Conversion
2. Anaerobic Glycolisis
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Creatine-phosphates (CP) Conversion

Creatinekinase
CP C + Pi + Energi

ADP + Pi ATP
 Glycogen
Cytosol
Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate

Glycerol
Glycolysis 2 ATP
NH3
Some Amino Acids Pyruvate Lactate
O2
Pyruvate Mitochondria

Acetyl CoA Fatty acids

CoA
Ketone bodies
O2 32-34 ATP + H2O
CO2
High Energy Citric acid
electrons + H cycle 2 ATP

Electron transport Some Amino Acids

system NH3
Lack of O2, ATP has to always produced by
Anaerobic Glycolysis
converts Pyruvate into Lactate

another glycolysis

NADH NAD+

Pyruvate Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate

NAD = Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Anaerobic Glycolysis
 O2 facilitates Pyruvate go
into mitochondria

CITRIC
ACID High- Electron ADP
Transport
energy
CYCLE System
ATP
electrons
& H+
CO 2 O 2 H 2O
Electron Transport System
 Resume

Reaction Substance Location ATP End-product Oxygen

proceeded product for next need
per 1 extraction
glucose
Glykolisis Glucose Cytosol 2 ATP Piruvic Acid No, anaerobic

Crebs cycle 2 Acetyl co-A from 2 Mitochondria 2 ATP -8 NADH Ya, O2 from
piruvic acid from 1 l matrix + -2 FADH2 Crebs cycle
glucose 2 ATP Hydrogen carrier

Electron High energy electron Inner-cyst in 32 ATP None Ya, O2 from

transport chain bond in Hydrogen in mitochondria respiration
hydrogen carrier
(NADH & FADH2) from
Crebs cycle
 Metabolic Rate
= Energy Expenditure
The rate at which energy is expended by the
body during both external and internal work.

Most energy out as heat formation kilocalories/hour.

Calorie: heat that needed to 1C of 1 gram water
1 kcal: 1 C
Metabolic rate depend on:
sex, age, height, weight, activity.
 Basal Metabolic Rate
The metabolic activity necessary to maintain the
basic functions at rest minimal waking rate of
internal energy expenditure

BMR counted in :
-Resting level, (at least 30 minute after physical activity)
-Quite & muscle relax (epinephrine <<)
-Comfortable temperature ? not to cool
-Fasting in 12 hours (eliminates diet induce thermo genesis)

Digestion process =12 hours

 Measurement Methods
Direct
Metabolor (closed room) with water flow
Measure the increase of H2O temperature that into-out from
metabolor
The most accurate but expensive & complicated
Indirect oxygen consumption
All of releasing energy reactions depend on O2 utilization
(95% of E come from food oxidation)

Nutrients + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy

Direct relationship between O2 & heat production

1 liter O2 = 4,8 kcal
Metabolor
Indirect measurements
(VO2max)

Cosmet
 Energy balance
Neutral balance
Energy intake = Energy output Constant weight
Positive balance
Energy intake > energy output
Stored in adipose weight
Negative balance
Energy intake < energy output
The body mobilize energy stored weight
Energy metabolism
in activity
 Physical activity
Activity that needs musculoskeletal contraction
Types of physical activity
Less activity
Sleep, lying-down
Light activity
Sit, watching TV
Moderate activity
Walking, sweeping
Hard activity
Brace walking, running, fast cycling
Vigorous activity
Sprint, weight lifting
Energy metabolism in musculoskeletal
Speed of ATP Production compare to muscle
endurance

Rest
Lifting
Walking
Wake-up 100-400m
sprint Jogging
60-100m
sprint Fast push-up
 Aerobic-anaerobic threshold
Base on intensity of work
(supply & demand influenced by time)
Measured by heart rate / blood lactate levels

Blood lactate (mmol/L)

16

14

12

10

8
Trained
6 Untrained

Max-HR= 220-age 2

0
100%
40%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%

85%

95%
80%

90%

% of Maximum Heart Rate

Energy resources during activity

jogging sprint
sit walk
Whats happen if there is no more of
CHO in high intense activity?
Gluconeogenesis
Resource dominantly from protein
Fat (glycerol) needs longer reaction/time
Disturbing protein balance
Disturbing immune system
protein (cell) break down
ammoniac / urea
O2 consumption during activity
Blood distribution
THANK YOU