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Gamma Ray
Alpha Particles
Positively charged particle with 2 neutrons and 2
protons (nucleus of He atom).
Easy to stop by a thick cloth.
Beta Particles
B : electron emitted from an unstable nucleus when
a neutron decays to a proton.
B+: positron emitted when a protons decays to a
neutron.
Easily stopped by a thin sheet of metal.
May cause skin burn.
Gamma Rays
Massless, chargeless high-frequency electro-
magnetic energy emitted when an atom passes
from an excited state to a less excited ground state.
Travel at the speed of light.
Referred to as a photon when it has discrete
quantity of electromagnetic energy.
Penetrate rocks up to 15 (8 of concrete)
Number of Counts
Average plateau count
of the counting rate versus
Mid-point
voltage curve in which the
counting rate is almost Plateau length
independent of the applied
voltage
Detector Voltage
Voltage
Threshold
Cerium-doped gadolinium
orthosilicate GSO(Ce):
1,000,000 counts per second Dead time
Time
Primary
Artificial radioactive formation at the University of
Houston
No field engineer involvement
It defines the measurement unit
Field Calibration
Reference source is 160 - 165 GAPI GSR-U/Y
blanket impregnated with monazite sand.
Standard Conditions:
Actual Conditions:
Actual Conditions:
Shale
Coal
Carbonate
Shale