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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
COLONEL P NALLATHAMBI
Introduction
Not only the ordinary men,
but even some Civil Engineers themselves
are not capable of choosing the right materials
whether Cement or Steel;
Rather they are also confused
because of commercial advertisements.
Introduction
A thorough understanding and knowledge
about the behaviour of Construction Materials
is vital to build safe, reliable and long-lasting
structures.
LIST OF MAJOR CONSTRUCTION MATERAILS
1. CEMENT.
2. SAND.
3. AGGREGATE.
4. WATER.
5. RE-BARS.
6. RCC.
7. ADMIXTURES.
8. INFILL MATERIALS.
9. FLOORING MATERIALS.
10. SHUTTERING MATERIALS.
11. SCAFFOLDING.
13. TIMBER.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement : IS:269-1989
(classified as 33, 43 and 53 grade; the grade implies the
strength achieved by the cement mortar at 28 days)
Cracking/Damage
occurs when the
stress > strength.
RATE OF HEAT EVOLUTION DURING HYDRATION
!!!!!!
???
Which grade of Cement to use
OPC 43 or 53 ? (contd)
But in 53 Grade OPC,
Faster rate of hydration at initial
stages (more fineness)
Hence release of heat is higher at
early stages
Chances of Micro-cracking is
greater (especially in Plastering)
Precaution to be taken while using OPC 53
- Early Curing
Test results of Soil Mechanics & Research Division, PWD, Tharamani, Chennai
illustrating the fact that the bags are just stamped according to the
Clients requirement:
Fact:- No.
Pozzolanic Activity
(with cement, %) 120 - 210 85 - 110 n/a
Pozzolanic Activity
(with lime) (MPa) 8.3 - 11.4 5.5 - 6.9 n/a
Which Cement to use
OPC or PPC ?
OPC No Fly ash; PPC contains Fly ash
OPC
Cement reacts with water
No reaction between cement and aggregates
Cement paste binds the aggregates
Voids in aggregate - filled with cement paste
Cement paste contains 80% CSH &
20% CaO (free lime)
Free lime present maintains pH acts as a
passive layer protects reinforcement
Which Cement to use
OPC or PPC ? (contd)
OPC No Fly ash
PPC contains Fly ash
PPC
General Recommendation
OPC for RCC
PPC for PCC, Brickwork & Plastering
Precautions while using PPC
Free lime reacts with fly ash - in presence of moisture
good quality Concrete
Crushing Value
Impact Test
Abrasion Test
WATER FOR CONSTRUCTION
Quality of Water for Construction
CARBON CONTENT
UPTO 0.25% MILD OR SOFT STEEL
0.25 TO 0.7% MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
0.70 TO 1.25% HIGH CARBON STEEL
OVER 1.25 % EXTRA HARD STEEL
CARBON GIVES CARBON DECREASE
TREATMENT TO STEEL
1. COLD TREATMENT.
Advantages:
*Larger Spacing of bars/Less number of
bars -Avoid Congestion of Reinforcement
TMT STEEL BARS MANUFACURING
BILLETS
TMT STEEL BARS MANUFACURING
(b) Self Tempering - When the bar leaves the quenching box, the
core remains hot compared to the surface allowing heat to flow from
to the surface causing tempering the outer martensitic layer into a
structure called Tempered Martensite. The core still remains
austenitic at the stage.
1.Quenching
The quenching is done using a special water spray
system
Intense water quenching -on the periphery
-the core stays unchanged
TMT STEEL BARS MANUFACURING
Quenching & Tempering (Q & T) technology (cont..)
3. Atmospheric Cooling
Cooling Bed-
the austenitic core
transformed into ductile ferrite- pearlite structure
TMT STEEL BARS MANUFACURING
Quenching & Tempering (Q & T) technology (cont..)
The bars are cut to desired sizes with the Shearing machines
Corrosion of steel-
due to Chloride ion effect or Carbonation
=>
UNIFORM
TEMPERED
MORTENSITE
=> PERIPHERY
& INNER SOFTER
CORE
- GOOD TMT
CORROSION IN RE-BARS
Reason for corrosion are: Permeable concrete, high w/c ratio, inadequate curing,
Insufficient concrete cover, contaminated water/salt, ingress of salts, oxygen,
chloride, and sulphate.
Mechanism of corrosion:
Corrosion in steel occurs due to electrochemical process. Steel in hardened
Concrete corrodes in the presence of oxygen and water. Calcium hydroxide
presents in hardened concrete provides alkaline atmosphere and protection steel
from corrosion. Chlorides present in the concrete above permissible limit react
with the presence of water and oxygen cause corrosion.
Electro Chemical Action
Anodic Reaction-
Fe -> Fe++ + 2e
Fe++ + 2(OH) -> Fe(OH)2 Ferrous Oxide
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 -> 4Fe(OH)3 Ferric Hydroxide
Cathodic Reaction
4e- +O2+2H2O -> 4(OH)
Chloride ions activate the surface of the steel to form an anode.
The passivated surface become the cathode.
Fe++ + 2Cl -> FeCl2
FeCl2 + 2H2O -> Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl
CORROSION IN RE-BARS
LABORATORY TEST ON REINFORCEMENT STEEL BARS
SL TESTS METHOD FREEQUENCY LEVEL REMA
N OF OF OF RKS
O TESTING TESTS TESTS
1 2
3 4
Slump Test Samples
Slump Test - Samples
FRESH CONCRETE
Workability and Slump
Workability Slump
Stiff to be vibrated 0 to 25 mm
Concrete Cubes
Compression Testing Machine
(CTM)
Testing of
Concrete Cube
in CTM
Test Report format
Name of Work:
Name of Contractor:
Location of Samples:
Mix Proportion / Grade of Concrete:
Size of Mould: 150mm cube
Date of Casting:
Date of Testing:
Age of Testing: days
S.No. Weight of cube Load at Failure Compressive Strength
in Kg in KN in N/mm2
IS: 456 2000
Period Strength
7 days 2/3 of 28day strength
28 days 1.0
2 months 1.1
3 months 1.16
6 months 1.2
12 months 1.24
= 0.16 m3
Note:- 1440 Kg 1 m3
50 Kg 50 / 1440 m3 = 0.035 m3
Yield of Concrete
Thumb Rule (contd..)
Therefore, for 1:2:4 Concrete,
Grade Mix
M10 1:3:6
M15 1:2:4
M25 1:1:2
For Very Small Jobs
Strength
Durability
Workability
RMC
Advantages of RMC
WEIGHT BATCHING
AGGREGATES
CEMENT
SAND
WATER
CONTROLLED MIXING
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSIT MIXERS
PLACING
CONCRETE PUMPS
TRUCK MOUNTED
TRAILER MOUNTED
Concreting Equipments Used in RMC
M 32. The All rounder
The general requirement is that concrete shall be discharged from the truck-
mixer within 2 h of the time of loading. However, a longer period may be
permitted if retarding admixtures are used..
Compressive Strength
Water Absorption
Efflorescence
Whether Flyash Bricks can be used or not ?
In general
- Flyash bricks are as good as conventional burnt clay
bricks
Plasticizers
Super Plasticizers
Retarders
Accelerators
-Very expensive
Waterproofing Compounds
-Act as plasticizer