Cell Organelles

Nucleus-controls the Cytoplasm-fluid that

cell suspends organelles
Plasma Membrane- Mitochondria-
boundary that generates energy from
maintains homeostasis glucose, are the sites
Cell Wall-outside of of respiration
membrane in plant Chloroplasts-contain
cells only chlorophyll, are the
Vacuole-stores water sites of photosynthesis
or food or enzymes Ribosomes-make
(larger in plant cells proteins
 Cell Discovery
Leewenhoek-invented the 1st light
microscope (1600s)
Hooke-1665, examined slices of cork with
his compound light microscope, and noticed
small boxes which he called cells
1830s-M. Schleiden concluded that all
plants, and T. Schwann concluded that all
animals are made of cells.
 Microscopes Through time
1st light microscopes were simple light microscopes
Light is passed through a tube
Only have 1 lens
Low magnification
Better, modern light microscopes are compound light
microscopes
2 lenses (multiply eyepiece and objective to find total
magnification
Higher quality lenses make magnification better
Light still passes through a tube
Electron microscopes are even better at magnifying objects
Use beam of electrons in stead of light
Much better magnification since there is no light
distortion
The Letter e Under the
Microscope
Elodea Under the Microscope
Animal Cells Under the
Microscope
Bacteria Under the Microscope
 Cell Types
Prokaryote-no nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles.
Bacteria only
Eukaryotes-larger, w/ nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
Includes single-cellular organisms and multi-
cellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi,
protists)
Why are Eukaryotes larger?
 Cell Theory
The observations of all scientists until the
1830s is summarized into 3 statements
which we call the cell theory:
All organisms are composed of 1 or more
cells
Cells are the basic units of organization
of an organism
All cells come from preexisting cells
 The Endosymbiant Theory
Since the first life forms on the planet were
most likely single-cellular and prokaryotic,
scientists have often wondered how
organelles got into cells.
Endo=inside, Symbiosis=2 organisms living
together

The moment where they depend on one

another and cant live apart is the point
where the endosymbiant becomes the
organelle
 How might cells have evolved?
Hard to say since theres no way to directly
observe the formation of the first cells
Since, however, the cell is made of
biochemicals, Oparins Primordial Soup
hypothesis may give us insight
Early earths atmosphere contained all of the
atoms needed to create biochemicals
Given heat and electricity, biochemicals could
have formed in early Earths conditions
Miller and Urey tested this idea
 The Miller Urey Experiment
Scientists believed that
the early atmosphere
contained Hydrogen
gas, methane, Carbon
dioxide and carbon
monoxide, as well as
nitrogen gas and
ammonia
When heated and
electrofied with water
vapor, amino acids
were spontaneously
created.
 Cell Specialization
Cells develop structures related to their
jobs
Necessary for efficiency-labor is divided
Only happens in multicellular organisms
Process that cells use to specialize is called
Differentiation
 Cell Differentiation
Embryos are made of clusers of stem cells
These are cells that dont yet have a function
At stages in embryonic development, the
DNA in different clusters of stem cells turns
on some genes and permanently turns off
others.
Ex: Cells that become the liver turn on only
genes related to liver function
As the cells differentiate, they signal the
others around them to differentiate similarly
 Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane structure-phospholipid bilayer
w/ embedded proteins, the occasional sterol, and
even recognition factors or receptor sites.
Phospholipid consists of a polar Phosphate head
and non-polar lipid tails
Properties-self-sealing, fluid, selectively
permeable, flexible
PM is selectively (choosy) permeable (allows
things to pass)
Fluid-Mosaic Model of the PM
 Diffusion and Osmosis
Rule 1: Things move from areas of greater concentration to
areas of lesser concentration (they spread out).
Different Concentrations=concentration gradient
Rule 2: When the concentrations are equally dispersed,
then there is no net movement of particles (dynamic
equilibrium)
NOW: On YOUR model Demonstrate what a
concentration gradient looks like!
After its checked, use YOUR model to demonstrate
dynamic equilibrium!
 Diffusion
Random movement of particles according to
the 1st rule.-Tiny things, like gasses can
diffuse through the PM

Use your model and the black beans to

demonstrate what diffusion across the
membrane looks like
 Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
 Your Turn! On YOUR Model:
Use the cotton balls to set up a
concentration gradient of SUGAR (Cotton
balls are the sugar. Put the same number of
black beans (water) on both sides of your
membrane.
PREDICT how the WATER will move to
balance the CONCENTRATION of
SUGAR SOLUTION!
 Predicting Water Movement
There are 3 possibilities for cells, given the
rules of water movement:
water movement in when in a solution of
fewer solutes than it has inside causing
pressure and possibly lysis.
Water movement out when in a solution of
more solutes than it has inside causing
shriveling or shrinking
No net water movement when the
concentration of solutes outside is the same
as in (dynamic equilibrium)
 Practice scenarios-sketch and
answer!
Cell at 10% salt, solution at 35% salt
Cell at 15% salt, in distilled water
Cell at 10% salt, Solution at 10% salt
Why is saline given in an IV in stead of
distilled water?
Why dont plant cells burst when in a
solution like the tap water yesterday?
 Assisted Movement
Sometimes, you need to move salts and sugars, but
they need other ways of getting into cells since
theyre so big .
There are 2 possible ways of getting these into
cells:
Facilitated diffusion-special passive transport where
carrier proteins and protein channels move molecules
(w/ the concentration gradient)
Active transport-looks like facilitated diffusion via a
carrier protein, but moves against the concentration
gradient.
 Facilitated Diffusion-Protein
Channels
Protein with a hole in it that allows
molecules too big to otherwise pass through
the membrane to enter and leave cells

On YOUR model, demonstrate this using a cotton ball

(Make sure to set up the appropriate concentration
gradient)
 Facilitated Diffusion-Carrier
Proteins
Protein Changes shape in order to let large
molecules pass through the membrane
 Active Transport
Movement of large molecules via a protein
pump AGAINST a concentration gradient

On YOUR model, set up the concentration

gradient and use move a cotton ball
AGAINST that Gradient
 Endo/Exocytosis
Another type of active transport for
REALLY Large things (like
microorganisms)
 One Final Thought
The plasma membrane, and other
membranes do. . . _______________
More membrane=__________________
Folds=more membrane in a small
space=__________________________