Communication System

Prof.Raviteja B
Dept of ECE
GMIT, Davangere
Outline

Historical Background
Communication
Signals and system
Modulation
Digital communication system
Analog v/s Digital
Multiplexing

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Historical Background

Telegraph
1844, Samuel Morse,
What hath God wrought transmitted by Morses electric telegraph

Washington D.C ~ Baltimore, Maryland

Morse code : variable-length code (a dot, a dash, a letter space, a word

space)
Radio
1864, James Clerk Maxwell
Formulated the electromagnetic theory of light

Predicted the existence of radio waves

1887, Heinrich Hertz

The existence of radio waves was confirmed experimentally

1894, Oliver Lodge

Demo : wireless communication over a relatively short distance (150 yards)

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 1901, Guglielmo Marconi

Demo : wireless communication over a long distance (1700 miles)

1906, Reginald Fessenden

Conducting the first radio broadcast

1918, Edwin H. Armstrong

Invented the super heterodyne radio receiver

1933, Edwin H. Armstrong

Demonstrated another modulation scheme ( Frequency modulation)

Telephone
1875, Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

1897, A. B. Strowger

Devised the automatic step-by-step switch

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 Electronics
1904, John Ambrose Fleming
Invented the vacuum-tube.

1906, Lee de Forest

Invented the vacuum-tube triode

1948, Walter H. Brattain, William Shockley (Bell Lab.)

Invented the transistor

1958, Robert Noyce

The first silicon integrated circuit (IC) produce

Television
1928, Philo T. Farnsworth
First all-electronic television system

1929, Vladimir K. Zworykin

All-electronic television system

1939, BBC
Broadcasting television service on a commercial basis

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 Digital Communications
1928, Harry Nyquist
The theory of signal transmission in telegraphy

1937, Alex Reeves

Invent pulse-code modulation

1958, (Bell Lab.)

First call through a stored-program system

1960, (Morris, Illinois)

The first commercial telephone service with digital switching begin.

1962, (Bell Lab.)

The first T-1 carrier system transmission was installed

1943, D. O. North
Matched filter for the optimum detection of a unknown signal in a
additive white noise
1948, Claude Shannon
The theoretical foundation of digital communications were laid
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 Computer Networks
1943~1946, (Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of
Pennsylvania)
ENIAC : first electronic digital computer
1950s
Computers and terminals started communicating with each other
1965, Robert Lucky
Idea of adaptive equalization
1982, G. Ungerboeck
Efficient modulation techniques
1950~1970
Various studies were made on computer networks
1971
Advanced Research Project Agency Network(APRANET) first put into
service
1985,
APRANET was renamed the Internet
1990, Tim Berners-Lee
Proposed a hypermedia software interface to internet (World Wide Web)

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 Optical Communications
1966, K.C. Kao, G. A. Hockham

Proposed the use of a clad glass fiber as a dielectric waveguide

1959~1960

The laser had been invented and developed

Satellite Communications
1945, C. Clark

Studied the use of satellite for communications

1955, John R. Pierce

Proposed the use of satellite for communications

1957, (Soviet Union)

Launched Sputnik I

1958, (United States)

Launched Explorer I

1962, (Bell Lab.)

Launched Telstar I

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Electromagnetic bands with typical applications

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A Few popular frequency bands

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 Some Carrier frequency values and nominal bandwidth

Typical power losses during transmission through a few media

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Communication

The word communication arises from the Latin word commnicre, which
means to share. Communication is the basic step for exchange of information.

Communications
Transfer of information from one place to another. Should be efficient, reliable
and secured.
A communication system is a process of conveying
information from a source to a destination

Communication system
Components/subsystems act together to accomplish information
transfer/exchange
An electronic communication system is transferring information using an
electrical field as a mean of signal

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Elements of Communication system

Input
Message Input Transmitter
Transducer

noise Channel

Output Transmission
Message Output medium
Receiver
Transducer

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Elements of Communication system

Input Transducer
To convert the message to a form suitable for the
particular type of communication system.

Ex: Speech waves are converted to voltage

variation by a microphone.

Transmitter
Processes the input signal to produce a transmitted signal that suited the
characteristic of transmission channel.
Ex: modulation, coding
Other functions performed: Amplification, filtering

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Elements of Communication system

Channel (Transmission medium)

A medium that bridges the distance from source to destination.
Ex: Atmosphere (free space), coaxial cable, fiber optic, waveguide
Signal undergoes degradation from noise, interference and distortion.

Transmission systems can be evaluated according to five (5) main criteria:

Capacity Performance
Distance Security
Cost which include installation, operation and maintenance

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Elements of Communication system

Receiver
To extract the desired signal from the output channel and to convert it to a
form suitable for the output transducer.
Ex: Demodulation, decoding
Other functions performed: Amplification, filtering.

Output Transducer
Converts the electrical signal at its input into a form desired by the system used.
Ex: Loudspeaker, PC and tape-recorders.

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Losses in Communication System

Various unwanted undesirable effect crop up in transmissions

Attenuation
Reduces signal strength at the receiver

Distortion
Waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the
desired signal itself
Equalizer can be used to reduced the effect

Interference
Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources

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Losses in Communication System

Noise
Random and unpredictable electrical signals from internal or
external to the system
The term SNR (signal to noise ratio) is used to measure performance
(noise) relative to an information analog signal
The term BER (Bit Error Rate) is used in digital system to measure
the deterioration of the signal

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Baseband v/s Modulated Signal

Baseband Signal
Base band signal is the modulating signal/original information signal
either in a digital or analog form (intelligent/message) in
communication system
Example: voice signal (300Hz 3400Hz)

Transmission of original information whether analog or digital,

directly into transmission medium is called baseband transmission.

Modulated Signal
Modulated signal is baseband signal which its original frequency is
shifted to higher frequency to facilitate transmission purposes

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 Introduction to Signals and systems

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Signals and Systems

The concepts of signals and systems arise in a wide variety of areas:

Communications,

Circuit design,

Biomedical engineering,

Power systems,

Speech processing,

etc.

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What is a Signal?

A set of information or data.

Function of one or more independent variables.
Contains information about the behavior or nature of some
phenomenon.
Examples:
Electrical signals: Voltages/currents in a circuit v(t), i(t)
Temperature (may vary with time/space)
Acoustic signals: audio/speech signals (varies with time)
Video (varies with time and space)
Biological signals: Heartbeat, EEG

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Classification of signals

Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Periodic and Non-periodic signals
x(t) = x(t + T) Ex: x(t) = A cos (wt)
x(t) x(t + T) Ex: Exponential signal
Deterministic and random signals
Even and odd signals
x(t)=x(-t)
x(t)=-x(-t)

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Systems

A system is an entity that manipulates one or more signals that

accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.
The input/output relationship of a system is modeled using mathematical
equations.
Examples:
Circuits (Input: Voltage, Output: Current) v(t)= R i(t)
Mass Spring System (Input: Force, Output: Displacement)
Automatic Speaker Recognition (Input: Speech, Output: Identity)

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Applications of Signals and Systems

Acoustics: Restore speech in a noisy environment such as cockpit

Communications: Transmission in mobile phones, GPS, radar and sonar
Multimedia: Compress signals to store data such as CDs, DVDs
Biomedical: Extract information from biological signals:
Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrical signals generated by the heart
Electroencephalogram (EEG) electrical signals generated by the
brain
Medical Imaging
Biometrics: Fingerprint identification, speaker recognition, iris
recognition

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 Modulation

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Block Diagram of Modulation Process

Baseband MODULATION Modulated

signal PROCESS signal

Carrier

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Modulation

Modulation
Process of changing baseband signals to facilitate the transmission
medium

Process of modulation

Frequency translation such as AM, FM, PM etc

Sampling and coding such as PAM, PCM etc
Keying such as ASK, FSK etc

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Why Modulate?

Reduction in the height of antenna

Avoids mixing of signals
Increases the range of communication
Multiplexing is possible
Improves quality of reception

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Modulation System Chart

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Amplitude modulation

The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the

instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

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AM wave equation

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Frequency spectrum of DSBFC

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Average power of sinusoidal AM wave

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 Double sideband with suppressed
carrier (DSBSC)

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Balanced modulator

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Ring modulator

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Coherent detection

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Costas Receiver (Costas loop)

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Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) or
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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Frequency discrimination method of
SSB generation

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Phase discrimination method of SSB
generation

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Frequency spectrum of SSBSC

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Coherent detection of SSBSC

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Generation of VSBSC

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Comparison

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Frequency modulation (FM)

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Phase modulation (PM)

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 Digital communication system

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Digital communication system block
diagram

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Pulse code modulation (PCM)

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Digital modulation techniques

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Amplitude shift keying (ASK)

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Frequency shift keying (FSK)

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Phase shift keying (PSK)

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4-PSK

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8-PSK

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4-QAM and 8-QAM

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16-QAM

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Analog v/s Digital

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 Multiplexing

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 When more than one application or connection share the capacity of one
link it is called multiplexing.
This results in better utilization of resources.
A typical example is, many conversations over telephone line, trunk
line, wireless channel, etc.
A few examples of multiplexing are:
FDM- Frequency division multiplexing
TDM- Time division multiplexing
WDM- Wavelength division multiplexing
CDMA- Code division multiple access

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FDM Transmitter

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FDM Receiver

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Analog Carrier System Using FDM

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Time division multiplexing

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 Digital Carrier System Using TDM

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 Communication System
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