Hand Tool

P2.2.3
By
M.K.MISHRA
CHIEF INSTRUCTOR
COMMON HAND TOOL
Vice
Clamp
V block
Hammer
Punches
Pliers
Screwdrivers
Spanners
File
Hacksaw
Chisels
Snips
Drill
Vice
Vices is used to hold firmly the material
upon which work is to be carried out.
TYPES OF VICE
1. Bench Vice 2. Hand Vise
BENCH VICE
This is used for normal bench work.
Bench vices are classified by stores reference
number and length of jaws.
PARTS OF BENCH VICE
Main body: Made of Cast Iron or steel
casting.
Detachable Jaw: it is attached on jaw
faces with screws. It is
serrated, hardened and
tempered. Material is cast
steel.
 Lead screw: Material is Mild steel, having
a single start , square or
buttress thread. By turning
the handle , we can close
or open the jaws.
Anvil: it is the back portion of the body.
Handle: Material is mild steel, use to turn
the lead screw.
PRECAUTIONS ON BENCH VICE

To protect the finished surface of work

against damage by the teeth of the
serrated jaws of the vice, copper,
aluminium brass or lead clamps are
used.

Tightening the vice by hammering on the

handle is a poor practice.
Hand Vise

This types of vice is used for holding

small work such as for gripping screw,
rivets, small tools and work which can
not be conveniently held in the bench
vice or in hand.

Classification: classified by over all

length.
C clamp
It is all purpose clamps made in shape of letter C.

Tool Maker Clamps(Parallel Leg Vise)

Parallel clamp is used to clamp work piece and to hold parts
together when making a layout and for machining operation
such as drilling, cutting, etc.
Parts
1. Two parallel flat steel jaws
2. Two screw
One screw Passing through the centre of each jaw and
another screw at the end of one jaw to exert pressure on
the other jaw.
 It is used to hold cylindrical work
securely during the laying out of
measurements or for machine
operations.
Hammer
It is used for causing succession of
blows to facilitate the fitting or removal
of any part, item or component.

Material:
1. Hard hammers- High carbon steel.
2. Soft faced hammers- Plastic, Rubber,
wood, raw hide, lead.
Classification of hammers

Hard hammers- Classified by the type

and weight of the head without handle in
ounces. Ball peen (2 oz to 3 lb)
Soft hammers- Classified by the number
stamped on it or by diameter of face and
length of head,
Faces are classified by degree of hardness
from supers soft to extra hard.
Hard hammers

Ball peen hammers

Cross peen hammers
Straight peen hammers
Claw peen hammers
Sledge hammers
BALL PEEN HAMMERS

It is used for general work on hardened

steel such as striking punches.

It has two different end round and flat .

Round end (ball) is used for riveting and

peening (flattening the end of a rivet).
Cross peen hammers

In this hammer has a peen end at right

angle to the hammer handle.

It is used for riveting, stretching or

spreading and drawing metal.
Straight Peen Hammer

The straight peen , which has a peen

end parallel to the axis of the handle.

It is used for stretching and drawing of

metal when forging.
Claw peen hammers

It is used by carpenter.
The face of this hammers is slightly
crowned. Use for removing nails and
splitting woods.
SLEDGE HAMMERS
Sledge hammers have two flat faces and
are used for heavy pounding operations.
Mallets

Mallets are used for forming and shaping

soft alloys and parts.
These are used where damage to the job
must be avoided.
Used with semi finish object to prevent
marring.
TYPES OF MALLETS
1. Soft faces 2. Hard plastic faces
Body hammers

Body hammers have large smooth faces

on both the end, and are used to smooth
out sheet metal when forming it.

Small dents or pitting can be removed

with this hammers.
Preening or Swaging

The process of stretching or spreading of

metal by hammering. Eg. Riveting head
flattering.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED DURING
HAMMERING

A hammer handle should be gripped near the

end so that full leverage may be obtained
when swinging the hammers.
Ensure that the wedge which secure the head
to the shaft is tight.
Look at the job and not at the hammer head.
Keep the hammer head free from burrs and
handle from oil or grease.
Give the elbow leverage while hammering
operations.
Questions

How bench vice is classified and name the

various parts with materials.
Write the use of following
1. C clamp 2 tool makers clamp 3. v block
How hammers are classified? Explain Ball
peen , cross peen and straight peen
hammers briefly?
Write the PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED DURING
HAMMERING.
Punches
Use
Punches are used to locate centers for
drawing circles,
To start holes for drilling
To transfer location of holes in patterns,
To remove damaged rivets, pins or bolts.

Material: High carbon steel hardened and

Tempered
Construction

Its has two end

1. business end
2. Striking end or top end is slightly
chamfered to prevent the edge from
becoming burred due to constant blow of
hammers.
Knurled Shank or hexagon or octagon
section for good grip
Holding the punches

The tip of the third finger is held against

the bottom of the punch in order to
steady the point and prevent it from
sliding off the mark.

Punch holder is designed to hold the

punch firmly.
Types of punches

Prick punch
Centre punch
Drift punch
Drive pin punch
Aligning punch
Starting punch
Hollow punch
Automatic centre punch
Prick punch

Prick punches are used to place

reference marks on metal.
Used for light layout lines..
It is ground from 30 degree included
angle.
A prick punch should never be struck a
heavy blow with a hammer because it
may bend the punch or cause excessive
damage to the material being worked
Centre punch

A center punch has a heavier body than

a prick punch and is ground to a point
with an angle of about 90.
It is used to enlarge the a prick punch
mark so as to drill can started in the
exact location.
The center punch mark is deeper and
larger than prick punch mark.
Drift punch

It is long tapered punch used for loosening

straight pins, taper pins, rivets, and other small
parts being disassembled.
When using drift punch ensure that the
diameter of business end is slightly smaller
than the parts diameter and punch should be
located squarely on parts.

Use a quick blow of hammer to loose the pins.

Drive pin punch
Used for removing straight pins, taper pins,
rivets, and other small parts being
disassembled.

When using Drive pin punch ensure that the

diameter of business end is slightly smaller
than the parts diameter and punch should be
located squarely on parts.

When removing the pins part must be

supported by v block.
ALIGNING PUNCH

This punch is used for aligning holes in

assembly.

DO NOT STRIKE THIS PUNCH WITH A

HAMMER.
Starting Punch

The starting punch has a strong tapered

point capable of resisting applied force.

It is used to start the removal of a pin

from an assembly.
Hollow punch

It is used to punch definite sized hole in soft

(thin sheet) material and used for cutting
washers and other parts from leather.
The sized of this punch is determined by
inside diameter at hollow end.
The leather or other material to be cut is
placed on a smooth level block of hard wood
and the punch is placed on the leather and
smartly struck with hammer.
Center Punch

This punch is similar to center punch

except a knurld cap is attached at tip.

This punch have the spacing attachment

which enabling it to make dot at equal
space and size without use of hammer.
Questions

Name the various types of punch.

Explain the use of drift punch briefly.

Explain the use of hollow punch.

Explain the prick punch and center

punch.
PLIERS

Use: These are used for gripping or

cutting purpose.

Material: HCS with hardened and

tempered jaws.
The size of pliers indicates their overall
length, usually ranging from 5 to 12
inches
Types of Pliers
Diagonal Pliers
Needle nose Pliers
Duckbill Pliers
Slip Joint Pliers
Interlocking Joint Pliers
Vice Grip Pliers
Safety wire pliers
Circlip Pliers
Flat nose or long nose pliers
DIAGONAL PLIERS

This is not a holding tool but used to cut

wire, rivets, small screws, and cotter
pins.

The diagonal pliers is a short-jawed

cutter with a blade set at a slight angle
on each jaw.
Needle nose Pliers

Needle nose pliers have half round jaws

of varying lengths.
They are used to hold objects and make
adjustments in tight places.

This is use for electrical and electronics

work to grip and hold small components
and wires.
 Some of these pliers have long nose
bent almost at right angle to the handles
to allow them o grip the component at
the narrow spaces.
Duckbill Pliers

Duckbill pliers resemble a ducks bill in

that the jaws are thin, flat, and shaped
like a ducks bill.
They are used exclusively for twisting
safety wire.
The jaw of duckbill pliers is serrated to
grip the safety wire and handle is quite
long to provide a good tight grip on wire
while it is twisting.
Slip Joint Pliers
Slip Joint Pliers is also known as
combination pliers.
It is used for holding and gripping small
articles where unsafe to use hand.

This pliers have the double hole for their

pivot, which allows the jaws to work either
of two positions.
INTERLOCKING JOINT PLIERS

It is also called water pump pliers

because of their use to tighten the
packing gland nut around the water
pump shaft.

These pliers have several curved

grooves that make up series of
interlocking joints.
VICE GRIP PLIERS

This pliers are used to hold pipes, to cut

wires, to pinch off hoses or to serve as a
welding clamps or c- clamps.
Safety wire pliers

This pliers use to twist safety wire and

have combined feature of diagonal and
duckbill pliers.
While using this pliers after locking the
handles together, the knob in the pliers
handle is pulled and a spiral rod in
handle rotates the pliers , thus twisting
the wire.
Circlip pliers

This pliers are used to install or remove

circlips.
Flat nose or long nose pliers

These are made with long tapered nose

or jaws.
This can be used for gripping thin flat
object or placing and removing small
items in narrow spaces

This pliers is used for electrical and radio

repair work.
Linesman pliers

A type of pliers used by electricians and

other tradesmen primarily for gripping,
twisting, bending and
cutting wire and cable.
1. Do not make pliers work beyond their
capacity.

1. Do not use pliers to turn nuts. In just a

few seconds, a pair of pliers can
damage a nut more than years of
service.
Questions

How pliers are classified? Name the

various type of pliers and explain slip
joints pliers briefly.
Screwdriver

Use: Used for driving or turning screws.

Material: blade is made of HCS, point

hardened and tempered.

Classification: The screwdriver can be

classified by its shape, type of blade, and
blade length.
Type of Screwdriver
Common screw driver
Heavy duty screw driver
Stubby screw driver
Offset Screw Driver
Ratchet screw Driver
Instrument Maker Screw Driver
Watch Maker screw driver
Philips Screw driver
Reed and prince screw driver
Common screw driver

Common screw driver is used for

common work.
This screw driver is available with
shanks from about 1 up to length of
10 to 12
Heavy duty screw driver

Its is of average length but is made with

a heavy blade and a square shank.
This screw driver is quite strong and use
for rough work.
Stubby screw driver

It is used to start screw where space is

limited.
Offset Screw Driver
Offset Screw Driver

An offset screwdriver may be used when

vertical space is limited.

Offset screwdrivers are constructed with

both ends bent 90 to the shank handle.

Offset screwdrivers are made for both

standard and recessed head screws.
Ratchet screw Driver

This screw driver enables the operator to

use the screw driver without changing
the grip thereby saving time and avoiding
damage to screw heads.

it is not as strong as common screw

driver and if greater force is applied
ratchet mechanism may brake.
Instrument Maker Screw Driver

This screwdriver are available in a set of

four consisting of 3/64, 1/16, 5/64.
This size refer width of blade.
Watch maker or Jewelers screw
driver
These screw drivers are available in
various size in a set and are used for
light type of work only.
Philips Screw driver

A Philips screw driver is specially

designed to fit the heads of philip
screws.
The Philips screw driver has a relatively
blunt point to fit into flat bottomed slot.
The end of the blade of a Philips screw
driver is tapered to an angle of 53
degree.
 Each Philips screw drivers is sized by
number and relates the diameter of the
blade with the point number.
No- 2 : Dia = shank = 4.
The number may be stamped on the
blade , prefixed by three or four figure.
The last digit of the screw driver number
denotes the point size.
Reed and prince screw drivers

A reed and prince screw driver is

specially designed to fit the heads of
reed and prince screws.
The reed and prince screw driver has a
relatively pointed end to fit into bottomed
slot.
The end of the blade of a reed and
prince screw driver is tapered to an
angle of 73 degree.
Tri wing screw drivers

This is special types of screw drivers used by

some airlines produced by Philips screw
drivers company.

This screw drivers has three slots in stead of

four.

TRI WING is the registered trade name for

identification.
PosiDrive

This is cross point screw driver designed

and produced by Philips screw company
to provide a tighter and more positive
connection between the screw driver tip
and the recess in the screw providing
less chance to slip out of the screw
head.
SCREW DRIVER USE

When using the common screwdriver,

select the largest screwdriver whose
blade will make a good fit in the screw
that is to be turned.
A common screwdriver must fill at least
75 percent of the screw slot.
A screwdriver with the wrong size blade
may slip and damage adjacent parts of
the structure.
 The common screwdriver is used only
where slotted head screws or fasteners
are found on aircraft.
The Phillips screwdriver is not
interchangeable with the Reed & Prince.
The use of the wrong type screwdriver
results in mutilation of the screwdriver
and the screw head.
 A screwdriver should not be used for
chiseling or prying.
Do not use a screwdriver to check an
electric circuit since an electric arc will
burn the tip and make it useless.
In some cases, an electric arc may fuse
the blade to the unit being checked,
creating a short circuit.
 When using a screwdriver on a small
part, always hold the part in the vise or
rest it on a workbench.

Do not hold the part in the hand, as the

screwdriver may slip and cause serious
personal injury.
 Care must be exercised when using a
power screwdriver; if the slip clutch is set
for too high a setting when installing a
screw, the screwdriver tip will slip and
rotate on top of the screw head,
damaging it.
Questions

How screw drivers are classified ?

Differentiate between Philips and reed
and prince screw drivers.
Spanner

Use: It is a tool for turning nuts and bolts.

Material: Chrome vanadium Steel.

Classification
open-end box-end
socket, adjustable,
ratcheting special wrenches
opened end wrench
The opened end wrench have opening in
each end that fits a bolt head or nut.
BOX-END

Theses wrenches fit the nut all round

thus preventing the wrench slipping off.
Box end spanner have box end is either
hexagonal in shape or twelve point
notches.
The twelve point nut turn with short pull,
because the points of a nut is gripped by
any one of the notches of the spanner.
Adjustable wrenches
This wrenches has movable jaws which makes
it adjustable in various size of nuts.
When using this type of wrenches point the
jaw in the direction of the force applied.
This will prevents the jaws from slipping apart
and wrench is less likely to slip off a nut.
The movable jaw should be adjusted so that it
is tight against a flat surface of the part to be
turned.
It is not a good practice to use wrench as
hammer.
COMINATION SPANNERS

THIS SPANNERS HAS TO TYPES OF

OPENING OF SAME SIZE.
One end has a open end and other is
close type.
It can be used in places where the space
for movement is limited.
If one end will not work the other end will
work.
C Spanner or Pin hook Spanner

This spanner is used on splined circular

nut having notches or cut on their
periphery to receive the hook at the end
of the spanner.
Check nut spanner

This is a thin single ended or double

ended spanner used for turning check or
jam nut,
Thinner nuts are often used in narrow
spaces, requires the use of a thin
spanner.

This wrench is not intended for hard use.

LEVER JAW WRENCHES

Its is a combination tool with adjustable

jaw may be locked in place.

This tool is used as pliers or vice or

clamp.
TOOL POST SPANNER

It is a combination of box and open end.

The open end is straight rather than

offset.

This is used in tool post screws of lathe

or other machines.
OFFSET SOCKET SPANNER

It is designed to be used on nuts

requiring great leverage or in places
where T- Socket spanner can not be
used.
Pipe wrench (spanner)

It is designed with adjustable jaws that

are serrated for proper gripping around
the pipes.
HEX KEY OR ALLEN KEY SPANNER

Allen key is made of hexagonal shaped

stock to fit the holes is the head of set
screw or socket head screws.
STRAP WRENCHES

The strap wrench is used for holding aircraft

components such as tubing, pipes, small
fittings, and round or irregularly shaped
components
FLARE NUT WRENCHES
THIS WERENCH is used to turned a flare nut which is
typically available in fluid lines in a place where
swinging of wrench handle is severely restricted.
In this wrench a slot is cut in box end to allow the
wrench to slip over a fluid line.
Ratcheting open end wrenches
This is special open end wrench that allow the nut to
turned without removing the wretch .
This wrench has no ratcheting mechanism but due to
its open end shape permits this mechanism.
Ratcheting BOX END WRENCH

This type of wrench permits ratcheting

mechanism in its handle.
SOCKET WRENCHES

Socket- sockets are tools that typically

have a square hole in one end for drive
handle and another end have 6 , 12
points opening to fit on nuts of different
sizes.
Sockets are available in English and
metrics size and can be used with wide
verities of handle and extensions.
 A socket wrench is made of two parts
(1) the socket- which is placed over the
top of a nut or bolt head,
(2) a handle, which is attached to the
socket.
Torque wrenches

when definite pressure must be applied

to a nut or bolt as it is installed. In such
cases a torque wrench must be used.
The torque wrench is a precision tool
consisting of a torque indicating handle
and appropriate adapter or attachments.
It measures the amount of turning or
twisting force applied to a nut, bolt, or
screw.
questions

How many types of Spanners? Describe

any five types of spanners with
materials.
File

Use: To remove small amount of

material from the surface of work.
Material: high-grade tool steels that are
hardened and tempered. (tang is
tempered)
Classification:
by length by shape
by section by cut by grade
Parts of file
Length of file

The length of file is measured from heel

to tip.

Most common length of files are 6, 8, 10

inches.
Shape of file

Shapes of files are

a. Parallel
b. Tapered
c. Bellied
CUT IN FILE

The arrangement of teeth on the face

of file is called Cut.
CUT are
a. Single cut
b. Double cut
c. Vixen cut
d. Rasp cut
Single cut

The teeth are cut parallel to each other

across the file and at and angle between
65 to 85 to the centre line.
This is preferable in filing of soft
material.

This type s of files produce a smooth

finish.
Double Cut

There are two sets of teeth first is over cut

being cut at an angle of 40 to 45 to the center
line and the second set is up cut is at 70- 80
to the center line.

Over cut is deeper than the up cut.

This is used in general engineering works.

VIXEN CUT (DREADNOUGHT)

The shape of the teeth is curved .

This type of the file specially suitable for

heavy cutting and smooth finish on board
soft metal.( copper , Brass , aluminum)
Rasp cut

The shape of this file is flat and half

round.

This is used on very soft material such

as lead, wood and leather etc.
Grade of files

The spacing of teeth is called grade.

The spacing of teeth may be fine or

coarse depending on the finish required.
Grade of files are
Rough Bastard Second Cut
Smooth Dead Smooth
Rough

Its used for rough work only to remove

metal quickly and has about 20 teeth per
inch.
BASTARD
It is the common grade used for ordinary
engineering work where the finish is not
important and has about 30 teeth per
inch.
Second cut
It is the common grade used to give finish
quickly and has about 40 TPI
SMOOTH
It gives good finish but is slow cutting and
has about 50 to 60 TPI.
DEAD SMOOTH
It gives a very fine finish and to be used
for final finish only and has about 100
TPI.
Section of files
It is depends on the files to be used on the jobs.

TYPICAL SECTION OF FILES ARE

Mill file

These are usually tapered slightly in

thickness and in width for about one-third
of their length.

The teeth are ordinarily single cut.

These files are used for draw filing and

to some extent for filing soft metals.
Flat file

These files are slightly tapered toward

the point in both width and thickness.

They cut on both edges as well as on the

sides.

Flat files are double cut on both sides

and single cut on both edges.
Square files

These files may be tapered or blunt and

are double cut.

They are used principally for filing slots

and key seats, and for surface filing.
Round or rattail files

These are circular in cross section and

may be either tapered or blunt and single
or double cut.

They are used principally for filing

circular openings or concave surfaces.
Half-round files

These files cut on both the flat and round

sides.

They may be single or double cut.

Their shape permits them to be used

where other files would be
unsatisfactory.
Hand files

These are parallel in width and tapered

in thickness.
They have one safe edge (smooth edge)
which permits filing in corners, and on
other work where a safe edge is
required.
Hand files are double cut and used
principally for finishing flat surfaces and
similar work.
Triangular and three square files

Triangular files are single cut and are

used for filing the gullet between saw
teeth.

Three square files, which are double cut,

may be used for filing internal angles,
clearing out corners, and filing taps and
cutters.
Knife file

This file is used by tool and die makers

on work having acute angles.
Vixen (curved-tooth files)

Curved-tooth files are especially

designed for rapid filing and smooth
finish on soft metals and wood.

The regular cut is adapted for tough work

on cast iron, soft steel, copper, brass,
Term in filing

Safe edge: hand file have one or both

edge left without teeth known as a safe
edge. This prevents damage damage to
a surface while an adjacent surface is to
be filed.
Pickling

It is the process by which rough or dirty

outer scales of the metal is removed
before using a file.

A good pickling solution is 4 to 10 parts

of water to 1 part of sulphuric acid.
Breaking In

It is the process by which a new file is

first used on soft metals ( Copper, silver,
zinc , bras, wrought iron) to induce
toughness so that when used on a hard
metals teeth would not break away.
Draw filing

A file is used by grasping it at each end,

crosswise to the work, then moving it
lengthwise with the work.
It provide finished work and finer than
cross filing with the same file.
In draw filing, the teeth of the file
produce a shearing effect.
Pressure should be relieved during the
backstroke
Cross filing
In moving the file endwise across the work
commonly known as cross filing,
Grasp the handle so that its end fits into and
against the fleshy part of the palm with the
thumb lying along the top of the handle in a
lengthwise direction.
Grasp the end of the file between the thumb
and first two fingers.
To prevent undue wear of the file, relieve the
pressure during the return stroke.
Special file

WARDING FILE: This file is used for

narrow space filing where other files
cannot be used typically used by
instrument repairs.
Swiss pattern file: used for finishing tool,
used for removing burs, filing notches
and keyways, rounding out slots.
Shape of file

File are made with convex surface that permits

thicker in the middle than at the ends.
This shape prevents all teeth cutting at same
times that required to much pressure on file
and make it had to control.
The flat surface could not obtained if the face
of file are straight because there is tendency
to rock the file.
Hence convex surface eliminate the rocking.
Proper way to hold the file

Grasp the handle in to right hand so that

it rests against the palm of the hand with
the thumb placed on top.

Place the left hand at the end of the file

and let the fingers curl under it.
Precautions

Never use file without handle.

Handle should be of good fit to ensure
proper control of file.
Use the full length of the file for each
stroke and relive the pressure during
return stroke.
Keep the teeth clean , use wire brush for
cleaning.
 Use chalk on teeth during final finishing . This
prevents clogging and scratching of the work.

Always use the correct length and grade of files,

suitable for the work.

Do not drop the file it will break

Files should be stored separately

New file should be used on soft metals first, this will

prolong the life of file.
 Body must be in correct position and
muscles must be move freely.
The left foot should be point forward and
right foot brought up close enough to left
to give proper balance.
When filing the body should lean forward
on the beginning of forward stroke and
then return to original position at the
finish of the stroke.
 The file must be held in straight.

The stroke should not be too fast , fast

stroke could ruin the file.

A file cut best after it has make cut

around 2500 strokes or after remove
about 1 cu. Inches of materials.
Questions

How files are classified? Differentiate

between single cut and double cut.
What do you mean by cut and grade of
file? Briefly explain the various types of
cut of a file.
What are the various section of file?
Ensure its precautions during filing.
HACKSAW

HACKSAW ARE USED for parting off or

cutting materials approximately to size.
Hacksaw are generally used on metals but
may be used on other materials also.
Material: Frame- Mild steel
Blade- HCS or alloys steel, tool
steel, high speed steel, tungsten steel.
Blade thickness- 0.027 Blade width:1/2
Length Measured: centre to center of fixing hole
TYPES OF HACKSAW FRAME

Fixed takes only one length of blade.

Adjustable- takes several length of
blades (1to 14)
TYPE OF HACKSAW BLADE
1. Fine tooth blade- ( 24 to 32 TPI)
2. Coarse tooth blades-( 14 to 18 TPI)
3. All hard blade
4. Flexible blade
FLEXIBLE BLADE

This blade have teeth portion hardened

and the rest of the blade soft.
Use- cutting softer material, such as tin ,
copper, aluminum and babbits.
ALL HARD BLADE
This blade is hardened all over.
Use- steel, cast iron and brass.
14 TPI USE

Sawing machine steel, cold rolled steel,

structural steel units have thick sections.
Used for fast cutting where smooth cut is not
important.
18 TPI USE
Sawing any solid stock including aluminium,
babbit, cast iron , high speed steel, tool steel
Use for general cutting where smooth cut is
required.
24 TPI USE
For cutting pipe , tin , brass , copper , small
structural steel unit and sheets metals over 18
gage.

It cuts slowly and produce finish.

32 TPI USE
For cutting small tubing , conduits and sheets
metals less than 18 gage thickness.
SET OF SAW
The arrangement of teeth on hacksaw blade
is called set of saw.
The teeth on a blade are set so as to make a
cut wider than the blade thickness so
preventing sticking or binding the blade in
the cut or slot.
Setting also reduce friction between work
and blade and life of blade increase.
SET ARE
1. Single Alternate Setting
2. Double Alternate setting
SINGLE ALTERNATE SETTING

In this set the teeth are bend alternately

i.e, one teeth turn right and other is turn
left and so on.

This setting is mostly fond in coarse

blade.
DOUBLE ALTERNATE SETTING

In this set the pairs of teeth are bend

alternately i.e, two teeth turn right and
two is turn left and so on.

This setting is mostly fond in finer blade.

SLOTTING HACKSAW BLADE

Slotting hacksaw blades are similar to

other hacksaw blades.
They are size approx 8 inch long and
wide an four different thickness
0.049,0.065,0.083, 0.109 inches.
When slotting saw blades are not
available substitute may two or more
blade side by side.
COMMON CAUSE TO BREAKING THE
BLADE

Using coarse blade on thin material.

Drawing the blade too tightly in the

frame.

Using too much pressure on the blade.

Precaution

The blade is positioned in the frame with

the teeth pointing away from the handle
so that the saw cuts on its forward stroke
and relieved on backward stroke.

When ever possible the full length of the

blade should be used for each stroke this
prolongs the life of the blade.
 The blades should be tightened in frame
so that they do not hip sideways when
cutting.

Do not over tight the blade in the frame.

The blade last longer if used on the

softer metal first, until the teeth have
become slightly dulled.
 Maintain the cutting speed within 50 to
60 strokes per minute.
Use coolant while sawing.
The teeth are designed to cut in one
direction only so pressure must be
released during return stroke.
Reduce the pressure in forward stroke
when the blade is almost through the cut.
Question

What is set of saw? Explain the various

types of set .
Chisels

Use- It is used in the places where neither

a hacksaw nor a shearing machine is
suitable for cutting piece of heavy gauge
metals.

Chisels is a cutting tool which is hexagon

or octagon shaped. Its one end is
shaped for cutting and other is left blunt
to receive the blow of hammer.
 Chisels are used in combination with a
hammer.
Chisels are forged to required shape and
annealed, hardened and tempered and
cutting edge is ground.
The cutting edge of the chisels is hardened
for a distance of 1 inch from the end and
opposite end remains soft to avoid it being
chipped by the blow of hammer.
Material- HCS and Nickel alloys forged to
required shape and size.
Chisels are sharpened on emery wheel or
by filling.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHISELS

Chisels are classified by their shape and

overall length, section of the shank and
width of the cutting edge.

GROUP OF CHISELS
a. Hot Set Chisel
b.Cold Set Chisel
Hot Set Chisel

It
is the chisel that is used for cutting
metal while metal is in red hot.

These chisels are gripped by a special

tongs or tools while being hammered .

It is generally made of steel.

Cold Set Chisel

Itis designed to cut or chip the metal

while it is cold at room temperature.
 TYPE OF CHISEL

Flatchisel
Cape or cross cut chisel
Diamond point chisel
Round nose or half round chisel
Side chisel

Cow mouth or gauge chisel

 FLAT CHISEL

Itis used for general chipping work, such as

parting sheet metal or cutting flat surface.

The cutting edge of this chisel is formed

slightly convex.

The included angle of this chisels for hard

steel is 70 to 75 and for mild steel is 60 and
for brass and other softer material is 40.
CAPE OR CROSS CUT CHISEL

It is used where there is inconvenient to

use flat chisel and for shipping narrow
flat bottomed grooves and key ways.

Itscutting edge is slightly wider than the

body so that it does not bind in the cut,
when it is used for deep grooves.
DIAMOND POINT CHISEL

Itis used for cutting sharp corners and V-

shaped small oil grooves.

ROUND NOSE OR HALF ROUND

CHISEL
This is used for cutting half round
(concave surface) bottomed grooves and
for rectifying an incorrect start when
drilling.
 Side Chisel-This is used for chipping the
vertical sides of key ways , cotter ways
etc.

COW MOUTH OR GAUGE CHISEL

This is used for removing projecting
lumps from the interior of cored holes.
ANGLE OF CHIPPING
THE VARIOUS ANGLE OF CHIPPING ARE
Relief angle- The angle made at the bottom
face of the chisel and surface of the job is
known as relief angle.
Cutting angle- it is angle made by two
faces of the chisel and it varies according
to the metal being chipped. Harder the
metal more the cutting angle and vice
versa.
Rake angle- it is the angle made by the top
face of the chisel and perpendicular line
drawn to the surface at which angle are
projected.
PRECAUTIONS

Hold the chisel correctly.

Hold the hammer at end of handle
Be sure chisel has no mushroom
Mushroom head chisels are not to be
used.
Always wear goggles.
Questions

Explain with neat Sketch the various

angle in Chipping.