light ---and---electrons

waves or particles
waves or particles ????
Light as a wave
 Wave properties of light
Wavelength, (m)
Frequency, (per sec; s1; Hz)
Energy, E (J)
Speed, c (m/s)
Amplitude, A (m)
Intensity, I (cd)
Period, (t)
 More wave properties
Light reflects in the same manner that any wave
would reflect.
change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier

Light refracts in the same manner that any wave

would refract.

change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another
 diffraction

Light diffracts in the same manner that any

wave would diffract.

change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening

or around an obstacle in their path.
 interference

Light undergoes interference in the same

manner that any wave would interfere.

constructive

two waves meet while traveling along the same medium

constructive crest + crest or trough + trough

destructive crest + trough

destructive
 ..back to light

An age-old debate that has persisted among scientists

is related to the question, "Is light a wave or a stream
of particles ?"
Very noteworthy and distinguished physicists have
taken up each side of the argument, providing a wealth
of evidence for each side.

The fact is that light exhibits behaviors that are

characteristic of both waves and particles.
 Early 18th Century: divided camps

Newton Huygens
a shower of particles . a wave
 1801 Youngs Double Slit Experiment
Thomas Young was an English polymath and physician. Young made notable scientific contributions to the
fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology(!!!!)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iuv6hY6zsd0
Definitively. a Wave
 not so fast.

1905 Albert Einstein-

published a paper that explained experimental data
from the photoelectric effect as the result of light
energy being carried in discrete quantized packets
(not very wavelike).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qKrOF-gJZ4
http://mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/molspec/animations/shockwave_ani
mations/peeffect5.swf
 What about electrons?
Recall JJ Thomson..
.the electron is a particle
 modern 2 slit experiment

Davison and Germers (quantum) experiment (1927):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwXQjRBLwsQ

( you get what youre looking for!)

 1937 Nobel Prize
Awarded to Clint Davisson and George Thomson
(son of JJ Thomson!) for further research in this
area .

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 was awarded jointly to Clinton Joseph Davisson
and George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of
electrons by crystals.
 modern 2 slit expt

light and matter can display characteristics of

both classically defined waves and particles
 Can we be Waves, please?
deBroglie (1932)

.notably to electrons.

wavelength of all matter = h/mv

m = mass
v = velocity
h = Plancks constant
 = h/mv
h = 6.626 x 1034 J s 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

1. What is the wavelength of an electron (mass = 9.11 x 1031

kg) traveling at 5.31 x 106 m/s? (answer units will be meters)

= 6.626 x 1034 J s/ (9.11 x 1031 kg)(5.31 x 106 m/s)

= 1.37 x 1010 m

compare this wavelength to ultraviolet light of 400 nm

electron's wavelength is almost 3000 times shorter (type of emr?)
short allows us to see quantum things (atoms)
 Your turn, your math
2. What is the wavelength in meters of a proton traveling at
255,000,000 m/s (which is 85% of the speed of light)? (Assume
the mass of the proton to be 1.673 x 1027 kg.)?

3. What is the wavelength of a 5.00 ounce baseball traveling at

100.0 miles per hour? (5.00 oz = 0.14175 kg and 100 mph =
44.70 m/s)?

4. Calculate the wavelength of an object weighing 100.0 kg and

moving at 160 km/hour (44.44 m/s)-(could be you in a really fast-
moving car!)
 answers
1. = 6.626 x 1034 J s/ (1.673 x 1027 kg)(255,000,000 m/s )

= 1.55 x 1015 m (~ radius of the nuclei of atoms)

2. = 6.626 x 1034 J s/ (0.14175 kg )(44.70 m/s)

= 1.046 x 1034 m (Yup; pretty short wavelength!)

3. = 6.626 x 1034 J s/ (100.0 kg )(44.44 m/s)

= 1.49 x 1037 m (see why you dont notice yourself weaving?)

 wave- particle duality

light and matter can display

characteristics of both classically
defined waves and particles.
 To measure is to move
Werner Heisenberg (colleague of Niels Bohr) weighs in:

Measuring the
position of an
object changes
how it is moving.

It is not possible to know both the speed and location of an object

simultaneously, exactly. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle
 Status of Bohrs atom

HUP disproves Bohrs model Bohr describes

absolute trajectories (position and movement)
of his electrons.

The search begins for a

better explanation and model.
 one step further, 1926

Erwin Schrdinger describes the wave

functions of electrons.
mathematically (complex wave equations)
describes the likelihood of finding an electron
in a certain position
quantum mechanical model of the atom
 quantum mechanical model
Schrodinger used probability to predict where an
electron would be found in an atom at any given time.
o The region of space
where the electron
would most likely be
found was called the
electron cloud.
 quantum mechanical model
o Within this electron cloud, Schrodinger
defined regions of space outside the nucleus
where the electron would be found.
o Levels of organisation: (parking deck arrangement)
Shell main energy level
Subshell each shell is made up of one or more
sublevels
Orbital each subshell is composed of one or
more orbitals.
 quantum mechanical model
the parking deck
a system describing an electron using
numbers;
an electron in any atom can be described
using 4 (quantum) numbers ;
no 2 electrons in any atom have the same 4
quantum numbers;
sequence of 4 numbers increasingly specifies
the location (energy) of the electron
Ask me about my cat!