THE NATURE OF RESEARCH

-means a careful, systematic,

patient study and investigation
in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to discover or
establish facts or principles
 RESEARCH
The word research comes from the old French word
cercher or cerchier which means to seek, and the affix
re which means to repeat or do it again.
It is an act of finding out more of what the researcher
wants to know.
It involves a process of stating a problem, gathering
information, determining relationships, drawing
conclusions, and reporting the results.
It enables the researcher to contribute new knowledge
and discoveries to the existing body of knowledge on a
subject.
 THE RESEARCH PAPER
It is a long composition that presents a synthesis of
information gathered fro published and unpublished
materials.
It is done through a systematic process of searching out
information from the library, interviews, surveys, tests,
observations, or through a combination of any two or more
methods.
It reflects the researchers ability to synthesize
information, to evaluate evidence, and to present new
relationships that only careful analysis can provide.
It is NOT a summary of an article or a book.
It is NOT a series of quotations from different sources.
 FEATURES OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
Academic writing in English is linear.
It has one central point or theme with every part
contributing to the main line of argument, without
disgressions or repetitions.
Its objective is to inform rather than entertain.
It is in the standard written form of the language.
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
Complexity
-Written texts are shorter and the language has
more grammatical complexity, including more
subordinate clauses and more passives.
Ex:
Spoken text: The cities in Switzerland had once been
peaceful, but they changed when people became violent.

Written text: Violence changed the face of once peaceful

Swiss cities.
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
Formality
-Academic writing is relatively formal. In general, in essay
you should avoid the following:

1. colloquail words and expressions; stuff, a lot of,

thing, sort of
2. abbreviated forms: can't, doesn't, shouldn't
3. two-word verbs: put off, bring up
4. sub-headings, numberings, bullets,
5. asking questions.
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
Objectivity
-Written language is in general objective rather than
personal. This means that the main emphasis should
be on the information that you want to give and the
arguments you want to make, rather than you.
-Avoid words like I, me, myself

Dont write: In my opinion, love is blind but the neigbors can see.
WRITE: Love is blind but the neighbors can see.
Dont write: You can't easily forget a person who gave you so
much to remember.
WRITE: It is difficult to forget a person who gave you so much to
remember.
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
PRECISION- simplicity and economy
-In academc writing, facts and figures are given
precisely. Do not use a lot of people when you can say
50 million people.
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
EXPLICITNESS
-Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in
the text. It is the rsponsibility of the writer in English to
make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the t
ext are related.
-It is explicit in its acknowledgment of the sources of the
ideas in the text. If you know the source of the ideas you
are presenting, acknowledge it.

McGreil (1977) has shown that.....

Aquino (2007) found out that....
Jake Zyrus (2017) proved that....

Do not: According to Jake Zyrus,.....

 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
ACCURACY
Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. You
need to be accurate by avoiding ambiguities or
confusions.

Ex:
Choose the correct word from the following:
a. meeting, assembly, gathering, conference
b. money, cash, currency, capital, funds
 Eight main features of Academic
Writing
HEDGING
- It is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing
is the concept of cautious language, often called hedging or
vague language. In other words, it is necessary to make decisions
about your stance on a particular subject, or the strength of the claims
you are making.
Language used in hedging:
1. introductory verbs: seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe,
doubt, sure, indicate, suggest
2. Certain lexical verbs: believe, assume, suggest
3. Modal verbs: will, must, would, may, might, could
4. adverbs of frequency: often, sometimes, usually
5. modal adjectives: certain, definite, clear, probable, possible
6. Modal nouns: assumption, possibility, probability
 ACTIVITY: REWRITE THE
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS IN
AN ACADEMIC STYLE
1. I would call Wagner a subjective artist. What I
mean is that his art had its source in his
personality; his work was virtually independent, I
always feel, of the epoch in which he lived.
 ACTIVITY: REWRITE THE
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS IN
AN ACADEMIC STYLE
2. On the other hand, I always consider Bach an
objective artist. You can see that he worked only
with the forms and ideas that his time proferred
him. I dont think he felt any inner compulsion to
open out new paths.
 ACTIVITY: REWRITE THE
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS IN
AN ACADEMIC STYLE
3. I believe that call centers have become very popular
here in the Philippines. I can cite three reasons to
support my belief. First, we Filipinos are multi-skilled,
well-educated and highly-trainable. Next, we are good
speakers of the English language. Third, our labor here
in our country is cheaper.
 Two-word verbs
1. This will cut down the amount of drug
required as well as the cost of treatment.
2. The material amenities of life have gone
up in Western society.
3. He should have looked into how the
patient has coped previously.
4. They did not easily accept or put up with
differences in others.
5. The court thinks it is just equitable to give
back the property to the complainant.