Audio Frequency ( AF ) Radio Frequency ( RF )

Audible. We can hear it Inaudible. We cant hear

it
AUDIO & RADIO WAVES

Provides Information No information

Travels short distance Travels long distance

1 KHz 20 KHz Above 20 KHz

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 AUDIO FREQUENCY
1 Hz 20 KHz

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 Audio spectrum basically divided
into 3 Bands

Lower Middle Higher

Frequency Frequency Frequency
( BASS ) ( MID ) ( TREBLE )
Drum sounds Basic human High Pitch
etc. voice etc. sounds of
violin etc.
Lower side of Higher side of Higher side of
human voice BASS and human voice
lower side of
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 BAND WIDTH

Hi-Fidelity Music
For good quality music, the music system
should provide all the Bass, Mid and Treble
frequencies. i.e. using full spectrum of one
hertz to 20,000 hertz ( using a total bandwidth
of 20 KHz ).
Normally, a good quality music system uses
maximum bandwidth of 20 KHz.
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 Commercial Radio Broadcast
Stations like AIR use average quality music broadcast.
Middle frequencies are used.
Bandwidth of 4.5 KHz is used. ( To avoid interference
with other stations, less bandwidth is used )
Telephone communication
Telephone is used only to exchange the information
and not to listen music. There is no need to transmit
full audio spectrum.
It is just sufficient to transmit the basic human voice
which is between 300 hertz to 3000 hertz i.e. a
bandwidth of 3 KHz.
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 MODULATION

Audio wave give us information but

travel only a short distance.
Radio waves travel a long distance
but give us no information.
By mixing both the audio and radio, it
is possible for the radio waves to
carry the audio to a long distance.

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 MODULATION
The process by which the audio waves
are superimposed on radio waves is
called MODULATION.
Radio Frequency is called the
CARRIER .
Audio Frequency is called the INFO
or SIGNAL .
The unit in which the modulation takes
place is called the MODULATOR .
Modulator means MODIFY. 7
 MODULATION
The AF controls or modifies the RF in
such a way that one of the
characteristics of the RF is varied or
modified.

Here, the AF is called the

modulating signal and the output RF
is called the modulated carrier .
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 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AM Double Side Band

The characteristics of the radio wave
which can be modified are:
Amplitude,
Frequency &
Phase
In a modulator, if the AF modifies the amplitude
of the RF, then it is called Amplitude
Modulation ( AM ). 9
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
In AM, the amplitude changes but the
frequency remains unchanged. The
amplitude of the output RF modulated
carrier is controlled by the amplitude of
the input AF signal.

In the radio telephone communication,

voice of 3 KHz bandwidth is used to
exchange information. 10
 MODULATION
When a AF of 3 KHz is mixed with RF, a set of
modulated RF is produced, ranging from RF
minus 3 KHz upto RF plus 3 KHz.
Eg. RF = 2182 KHz
Output = from 2179 to 2185 KHz
Total bandwidth = 6 KHz ( two side bands USB
plus LSB = 3 KHz plus 3 KHz )
USB = RF + 3 KHz and LSB = RF 3 KHz
This type of transmission is called AM DSB
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 MODULATION (contd)

Commercial radio broadcast like AIR, BBC

etc. use AM DSB.( To avoid usage of
special Rx for SSB, DSB is used. Also in
SSB music cannot be received clearly )
While receiving the AM DSB signal, only
one of the two sidebands is necessary for
the receiver to reproduce the audio.

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 AM Single Side band

To improve the efficiency of AM transmission, a

special technique is employed to transmit only
one of these two sidebands.

This kind of transmission is called as AM SSB.

In marine communication only AM SSB is used.

Since only voice communication is involved,
SSB is sufficient.
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 MODULATION (contd)
The different types of amplitude modulations are :

A - AM DSB : fair quality, low efficiency / range (

commercial broadcast in MW and SW )
H - AM SSB Full Carrier: Reduced quality, improved
efficiency ( 2182 KHz only, since AM
DSB Rx can also receive n it is covered in commercial radio)
R - AM SSB reduced carrier: Low quality, much
better efficiency ( old type of
maritime commn.(R3E, reduced carrier, voice)
J - AM SSB suppressed carrier(J3E):
Low quality, distortion possible, higher efficiency than
A,H,R( present maritime voice commn., popularly used )
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 FREQUENCY MODULATION

In a modulator, if the AF modifies the original

frequency of the RF itself, then it is called as
Frequency Modulation ( FM ).
In FM, the frequency changes but the
amplitude remains unchanged.
In FM, the RF is deviated from its original
frequency. The amount of frequency deviation
in FM depends on the amplitude of the AF
signal.
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 FREQUENCY MODULATION (contd)

FM occupies large bandwidth of 10 KHz,

25 KHz (audio), 75 KHz (still picture )and 150
KHz (moving picture )etc.

Due to the high band width requirement, it is

mostly used in VHF band or above.

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 FREQUENCY MODULATION (contd)

The FM receiver senses only the frequency

deviation and not the amplitude to reproduce
the audio.
The static and electrical noises produce spike
voltages or amplitudes and affects the RF
amplitude only.
Since the FM receiver is not sensing the
amplitude of the RF it will not reproduce the
spike noises.
Therefore, FM is noise free.
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 MODULATION (contd)

The different type of angle modulations

are :

F Frequency Modulation
G Phase Modulation

Note : Phase and Frequency modulation are

more or less similar in nature. 18
 ADVANTAGES OF AM and FM

AM FM
Prone to noise No noise at all

Less Bandwidth Large Bandwidth

Mostly used in MF / HF Mostly used in VHF or

above

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 Designation of Emission
Emission is designated by 3 characters.

1st character indicates type of modulation

employed in RF

As mentioned above, A, H, R, J and F, G

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 Designation of Emission (contd)
2nd character indicates the nature of AF or
modulating signal.

1 digital signal without audio ( like morse )

2 digital signal with audio ( like telex )

3 analogue signal ( voice )

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 Designation of Emission (contd)
3rd character indicates the type of information
transmitted.

A morse telegraphy
B DSC, Telex
E Telephony
Eg. J3E, G3E, F1B, J2B.

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