Course: Telecommunication Network Management

By
Dr Adnan Nadeem

Fundamentals of
Telecommunications
 Wireless

Topics in this lecture

Data Transmission
Signals, Antennas, Propagation (forouzan)
Multiplexing, Spread Spectrum
Type of Networks
 Telecommunications
Communication at a distance technologically
With development of radio communication concept of
wireless telecommunications emerge 1990s
Examples , radio , telephone, television, computer &
internet communications
There are various types of telecommunications
networks
We will first look at the basics of data transmissions
 Regulations

It is hard to find common worldwide regulations

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is
responsible for world wide activities (wired &
wireless)
 Frequencies for communication

VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency

LF = Low Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
HF = High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light
VHF = Very High Frequency

Frequency and wave length

= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
twisted coax cable optical transmission
pair

1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 m 1 m
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

Electromagnetic Spectrum for Telecommunications
Transmission Media
Guided Media
- coaxial cable
-Twisted pair cable
Unguided Media
 Unguided Media
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio waves (multicast) communications, such as radio,

television, and paging systems.
Microwaves (unicast) communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
Infrared signals used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
Propagation methods
 Antennas

Omni directional Antennas

Omni directional characteristics of radio
waves used for multicast communications
such as radio, tv & paging system

Unidirectional Antennas
Microwaves use (unidirectional antennas)
for uni cast communication such as
Cellular Telephone
Satellite network
 Signal propagation ranges
Transmission range
communication possible
low error rate
Detection range sender

detection of the signal

transmission
possible
distance
no communication detection

possible interference

Interference range
signal may not be detected
signal adds to the background noise
 Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)
Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real
environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
fading (frequency dependent)
shadowing
reflection at large obstacles
refraction depending on the density of a medium
scattering at small obstacles
diffraction at edges

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

Multiplexing
Multiplexing in 4 dimensions channels ki
space (si) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
time (t)
frequency (f) c

code (c) t c
t

Goal: multiple use s1

f
of a shared medium s2
f
c

Important: guard spaces needed! t

s3
f

2.13
Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency
bands
A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the
whole time
Advantages
no dynamic coordination
necessary k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
works also for analog signals c
f
Disadvantages
waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed
unevenly
inflexible
t

2.14
Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount
of time

Advantages
only one carrier in the
medium at any time
throughput high even k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
for many users
c

Disadvantages f

precise
synchronization
necessary
t

2.15
Time and frequency multiplex
Combination of both methods
A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
amount of time
Example: GSM

Advantages
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
better protection against
tapping c
protection against frequency
f
selective interference
but: precise coordination
required

2.16
Code multiplex
Each channel has a unique code k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

All channels use the same spectrum c

at the same time
Advantages
bandwidth efficient
no coordination and synchronization
necessary f

good protection against interference

and tapping
Disadvantages
varying user data rates t
more complex signal regeneration
Implemented using spread spectrum technology
2.17
Taxonomy of switched networks
A circuit-switched network is made of a set of
switches connected by physical links, in which
each link is
divided into n channels.
 In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved
during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of
data transfer until the teardown phase.
 Example 1

Let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight

telephones in a small area.
Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels.
We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a
maximum of two voice channels.
The bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz.
Figure shows the situation. Telephone 1 is connected to
telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of course the
situation may change when new connections are made.
The switch controls the connections.
Circuit-switched network used in Example 1
 Example 2

As another example, consider a circuit-switched network

that connects computers in two remote offices of a private
company. The offices are connected using a T-1 line leased
from a communication service provider. There are two 4
8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this network. For
each switch, four output ports are folded into the input
ports to allow communication between computers in the
same office. Four other output ports allow communication
between the two offices. Figure 8.5 shows the situation.
Circuit-switched network used in Example 2
Types of Wireless Networks

Terrestrial Networks
Satellite-Based Networks
 Why Wireless?
Wireless communication has several advantages
over wired alternatives:
Wireless service is mobile and can be
deployed almost anywhere.
Wireless service can be deployed faster
than fixed service.
There are no cabling costs, which can be
prohibitively expensive in some cases.
Wireless users are not tethered down and
are free to be relatively mobile ... anywhere,
anytime computing and communications!
A new wireless user to the network does
not need a free port or cable to join.
 Why Not Wireless?
There are limitations and difficulties with using
wireless communications, however.
Wireless may be cheaper to deploy in some cases,
but it may have usage fees (cellular service is still NOT
cheap).
Issues of security (for example, WEP).
Again, we have many incompatible standards that do
not work well with each other.
Some mobile or wireless devices have hardware or
software limitations (small screen sizes, text only
displays, support for WML but not HTML, etc.).
Wireless networks do not support the same data rates
as wired networks with the same reliability. Wireless
broadband needs time to get mature .
 Types of Wireless Networks
Satellite-Based Networks
Satellite-based antennae in a stable orbit above
the Earth relay communications from two or more
stations on or near the Earth.
Coverage areas can be tremendous.
Very high data rates are available.
Deployment costs can be enormous.
Propagation delays can be potentially quite large
due to the distance the signals must travel.
Although satellite links are subject to short term outages
or degradations, the quality of transmission is normally
extremely high.
 Types of Wireless Networks
There are two main types of wireless networks.
Terrestrial Networks
All network devices and users are located on Earth.
Coverage areas are relatively small in comparison to
satellite networks.
Data rates available vary with the technology.
Deployment costs can vary, but they tend to be lower
than deploying a satellite system.
Propagation delays are negligible in comparison.
Quality of transmission can vary widely based on
the surrounding conditions (there are more chances for
potential interference from common sources).
 Types of Terrestrial Wireless Networks
There are two main types of terrestrial
wireless networks.
Wireless Local Area Networks
Mobile users communicate directly with each
other (ad hoc mode) or indirectly through a
base station or access point within a radius of a
few tens of metres.
Global Internet access is provided by a wired
connection from the base station or through one
member of the ad hoc network.
Examples: 802.11 and Bluetooth.
Types of Terrestrial Wireless Networks

Wide-Area Wireless Access Networks

Mobile users communicate through a base
station managed by a telecommunications
provider and serves users within a radius of tens
of kilometers.
Global Internet access is provided through the
wireless network, usually as an add-on service
provided by the telecommunications provider.
Example: Cellular service.

CS457/546a 31
Summary