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Alkanes
Called paraffins (low affinity compounds) because
they do not react as most chemicals
They will burn in a flame, producing carbon dioxide,
water, and heat
They react with Cl2 in the presence of light to replace
Hs with Cls (not controlled)
They can cracked under high temperature and
pressurre
Reactions of Alkanes
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Reactions of Alkanes
Combustion
Free radical Halogenation
Cracking
Free radical cracking (Pirolisis)
Catalitic cracking (cationic)
Isomerisasi
Combustion
Burning of hydrocarbons in the presence of
oxygen (high temperature oxidation of
hydrocarbon fuels) yields a large amount of
energy as heat and products which are stable
oxides
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
(bond energies energy release ~810 kJ)
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Heats of Combustion Alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O
166.6 164.0
158.7 158.3 158.6
157.4 157.4
Long-chain =>
Cycloalkane Stability
H Cl
h
H C Cl2 H C HCl
H H
H H
Step 1. Initiation
the initial production of free radicals
h
Cl Cl Cl Cl
reactive
species
Step 2. Propagation
radicals undergo substitution reactions
chain reaction
H3C H Cl H3C + H Cl
H3C Cl Cl H3C Cl + Cl
Step 3. Termination
radicals collide and form stable products
destruction / removal of free radicals
chain reaction is broken
Cl Cl Cl Cl
H3C Cl H3C Cl
Cracking= Pyrolysis
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Cracking
Catalyst + heat
large molecule smaller molecules
16
Cracking In Petroleum industry
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Cracking In Petroleum industry
Catalytic - uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking
reaction. Catalysts include zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate,
bauxite and silica-alumina.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining5.htm
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Example mechanism
Radical cracking
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Example mechanism OF catalitic
cracking
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Isomerization
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