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PV = nRT
where P is the absolute pressure of the gas [Pa; Nm-2];
V is the volume of the gas [m-3];
n is the amount of substance of the gas, usually
measured in moles;
R is the gas constant (which is 8.314472 JK-1mol-1);
T is the absolute temperature [K].
(Wikipedia)
p = pa + pv
where p is the total pressure exerted by the mixture;
pa and pv are partial pressure exerted by dry air and
water vapor.
pa V = ma (R/Ma) Tabs
pv V = mv (R/Mv) Tabs
where ma is the mass of dry air in the volume, kg
R is the universal gas constant, 8.315 kJ/(kmol.K)
Ma is the molecular weight of dry air, 28.96 kg/kmol
mv is the mass of water vapor in the volume, kg
Mv is the molecular weight of water vapor, 18.02 kg/kmol
pvs(Tabs) = exp
[C1/Tabs+C2+C3Tabs+C4Tabs2+C5Tabs3+C6ln(Tabs)]
, kPa
(ASHRAE, 2001)
where C1 = 5.8002206e+03
C2 = 5.5162560e+00
C3 = 4.8640239e-02
C4 = 4.1764768e-05
C5 = 1.4452093e-08
C6 = 6.5459673e+00
Tabs is in Kelvin, K.
RH = pv / pvs
W = mv / ma
= (Mv/Ma) (pv/pa)
= (18.02/28.96) (pv/pa)
= 0.622 pv/pa
W = 0.622 pv / (p-pv)
= V / ma
Temperature (T)
commonly used to determine the state of humid
moist air
ha = ca (T-TR), kJ/kg,
where ca is the specific heat capacity, kJ/(kg.K), of dry air,
T is its (dry-bulb) temperature, and
TR is the reference (datum) temperature.
T is in oC
h = ha + W hv
= 1.006 T + W (2501+1.805 T)
kJ/kg (of dry air)
T is in oC
h2 = h1 + (W2-W1) hw
W1 = [(2501-2.381T2)W2-(T1-
T2)]/(2501+1.805T1-4.186T2)
sling psychrometer
designed to measure a
temperature which
is numerically very close to
the thermodynamic wet- bulb
temperature
sling psychrometer
h fg
Twb T1- (Wwb -W1 )
c
Where hfg = the latent heata of evaporation of the water at
temperature Twb
Calculation of Properties of
Moist Air
If two property values of a moist air are given at a
given pressure,
the other property values of the moist air can be
calculated.
RH = pv / pvs
Psychrometric Chart
Volume
Example of using
Psychrometric Chart
Td
b
Example of using
Psychrometric Chart
Using psychrometric Using mathematical
chart: model:
RH = 50%, Given Tdb = 30oC and Twb =
22oC,
humidity ratio =
0.0135kg/kg, pvs(22oC) = 2.645 kPa,
dew-point temperature Ws(22oC) = 0.016667,
= 18.5oC, while pvs(30oC) = 4.246.
enthalpy = 64.3 kJ/kg
From given Tdb and Twb and
specific volume = 0.877 Ws(22oC),
m3/kg W = 0.01332,
hence pv = 2.125 kPa and
RH = 2.125/4.246 = 50%.
dew-point temperature =
18.83oC.
enthalpy = 64.21 KJ/kg
specific volume = 0.8773
m3/kg.
Air Conditioning
Process
h W
(sensible) Cooling without Condensation
8
Cooling with Condensation 70.1
5
17.
42 9
10.
7
T
15o 25o
C C
h W
5
Heating Without 1
Humidification 9
2 .
Heating With
6 9
Humidification 4
T .
15 25 2
OC OC
Air Conditioning
Process
W
h
81
humidification
70.5
17.9
cooling heating
dehumidification
42
10.7
T
15oC 25oC
Cooling
Cooling of moist air: Chilled water in
achieved by passing
the air through a set
of cooling coils
Moist air in buildings are
conditioned to satisfy
thermal comfort.
Cooling without
Condensation
Example: Moist air at 35oC, RH 50% is cooled down to
25oC.
Find the changes in enthalpy, relative humidity, and wet-
bulb temperature
initial point:
enthalpy 81 kJ/kg
wet-bulb temp. 26.2 C
h W
humidity ratio 17.9 g/kg
final point:
81
enthalpy 70.5 kJ/kg
70.
relative humidity 89 %
wet-bulb temp. 23.5 C 5
17.
changes in enthalpy: 42 9
81 kJ/kg - 70.5 kJ/kg = 10.5 kJ/kg
10.
7
T
15o 25o
C C
(sensible) Cooling without Conde
Cooling with
Condensation
Example: Moist air at 35oC, RH 50% is cooled down to
25oC.
Find the changes in enthalpy, relative humidity, and wet-
bulb temperature
initial point:
enthalpy 81 kJ/kg,
wet-bulb temp. 26.2 C,
humidity ratio 17.9 g/kg W
h
dew point:
enthalpy 69 kJ/kg 81
relative humidity 100 % (w = 17.9 g/kg)
wet-bulb temp. 23 C 70.5
Heating
the opposite of cooling
reduces relative humidity while humidity ratio
remains
constant
Heating Without h
W
Humidification
completely opposite to the 51
case of cooling without
condensation. 9.
9
Heating With Humidification 2
6
accomplished by addition of
4.
steam 2
to the air during heating T
process. 15O 25O
C C
Heating
Example: Air at 15 C, RH 40% is heated and humidified
to 25 C, RH 50%.
Find the values for the enthalpy and the humidity ratio of
the air at the initial and the final states.
2
6
4.
A B 2
T 15 25
(C)
ma1W1 + ma2W2 =
ma3W3
JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin
Properties of Moist Air Psychrometric Chart Air Conditioning Process Air and Cooling Requirement 3
Due to Ventilation Requirement
Mixing of Two Air Streams 3
h (kJ/ kg)
W
80 60 (g/kg)
air stream (1), % %
enthalpy 71.17 kJ/kg,
humidity ratio 16.04 g/kg, 71.
air stream (2), 64.17
enthalpy 49.81 kJ/kg, 05
humidity ratio 11.70 g/kg. 49. 16.
81 1 04
14.5
3 9
Resultant air stream (3), 11.7
enthalpy 64.05 kJ/kg, 2 0
humidity ratio 14.59 g/kg.
T 20 3
(C) 0
Cooling
Energy and Mass Balance in 5
T dS,
sensible
In changing the condition of the air at P1 to
P2
dL = h1 hM , represents the latent
component
dS = hM -h2 , represents the
sensible component
JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin
Properties of Moist Air Psychrometric Chart Air Conditioning Process Air and Cooling Requirement 3
Due to Ventilation Requirement
h1
T dS,
sensible
At P1, T1 = (h1-2501W1)
/(1.006+1.805W1)
8 = 31.22 oC
0
62.1 0.0 At P2, T2 = 19.45 oC
0 19
5 At Point M,
0
TM = 31.22 oC and WM = 0.012, hM =
0.01 62.10 kJ/kg
2
M Q = m[(h1-h2)-(W1-W2)hW2] = 3-0.057
= 2.943 kW