FASIES BATUAN KARBONAT

DAN LINGKUNGAN
KARBONAT
 CARBONATE FACIES
Fasies adalah karakter tubuh batuan berdasarkan kombinasi litologi,
struktur fisik atau biologi yang mempengaruhi aspek pembedaaan
tubuh batuan satu dengan yang lainnya (Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia,
1996)
Fasies karbonat biasanya digunakan untuk salah satu cara dari tiga
cara:
1) Deskriptif, contoh fasies cross-bedded grainstone
2) Lingkungan pengendapannya, contoh fasies tidal flat
3) Proses pengendapannya, contoh Fasies Nummulites diendapkan di
lingkungan yang didominasi gelombang
Yang pertama adalah murni deskriptif, yang kedua dan ketiga
interpretatif
LINGKUNGAN TIDAL FLAT
Intensif Evaporasi
Perulangan antara basah dan kering
Kemungkinan variasi salinitas sangat besar
SUBTIDAL -- INTERTIDAL -- SUPRATIDAL ZONES
STRESS ZONE -- RESTRICTED FAUNA
Biasanya terjadi dolomitisasi
Intraklas secara lokal melimpah
Fasies yang secara potensial sebagai reservoir adalah:
DOLOMITIZED LIME MUDSTONES
GASTROPOD GRAINSTONES AS BARS IN TIDAL CHANNELS
SUBTIDAL GRAINSTONE BARS
Potesial Batuan Induk adalah:
ALGAL FLAT STROMATOLITES
SEDIMEN INNER SHELF
Struktur sedimen menunjukkan singkapan subaerial
atau dekat dengan garis pantai (shoreline)
Faunanya menunjukkan kondisi hipersaline atau
hiposaline, fauna terbatas
Termasuk tidal flat, pesisir pantai (beaches), pantai
berbatu, laguna pantai dan fringing reef
FACTORS INVOLVED
WITH REEFS

Fasies dan komposisi internal

Geometri dan ukuran
tatanan : inner-middle-outer shelf
Asal-usul dan umur
 PENEKANAN PADA SISTEM REEF

Variasi salinitas atau suhu

Intensitas gelombang dan pembesaran energi
Penetrasi sinar
HEAVY SEDIMENTATION
SHOALS
sand bars within wave base
fines are winnowed out
oval, linear, or sheet-like in map view
may be emergent
skeletal vs non-skeletal shoals
OUTER-SHELF FAIRWAY

Shoal deposits
Barrier reef deposits
Thick, massive build-ups possible
Proximity to basinal source rock
GRAINSTONE BAR DEPOSITS
SETTING
MIDDLE SHELF
OUTER SHELF
COMPOSITION
OOIDS COATED GRAINS
PELOIDS PELLETS
SKELETAL GRAINS
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
CROSS-STRATIFICATION
SPECIAL LIMITED FAUNAS
GEOMETRY OF BAR
TIDAL BAR BELTS TIDAL DELTAS
SHEET DEPOSITS ELONGATE BARS
PARALLEL TO THE SHELF-
EDGE
CARBONATE SHELF PROFILING

RAMP PROFILE
2 BASIC PROFILES

DROP-OFF PROFILE
1 BASIC PATTERN

INNER MIDDLE OUTER

SHELF SHELF SHELF
 Carbonate platform is used as a very general and loose term for
a thick sequence of mostly shallow water carbonates

A Rimmed Shelf
Is a shallow water platform with a pronounced break of
slope into deep water. Along this wave agitated shelf
margin there is a near continuous rim of barrier reefs
and/or skeletal shoals
A Carbonate Ramp
Is gently sloping surface on which nearshore wave agitated
sandy facies pass offshore into deeper water, more muddy
facies. Barrier reefs are generally absent but pinacle reef
and mud mound are not uncommon on ramps

Isolated Platform
Are shallow water platform, usually with steep sides, which
are surrounded by deep water.
PLATFORM TYPES VS. SUBSTRATUM

10 - 100 km 10 - 1,000 km
Sea Level Sea Level

Rimmed Shelf Ramp

10 - 1,000 km 100 - 10,000 km

Sea Level Sea Level

Isolated Platforms Epeiric Platform

CARBONATE ENVIRONMENTS
Carbonate generating organisms grow
best where waters are warm, clear, well-
lit and have good circulation. These
conditions are met in three general areas :
Non-marine: fresh water lakes rare in
geologic record.
Open ocean: deep water settings in
which sedimentation is entirely
planktonic, produced in water column by
floating plants and animals. Chalks form
in such a manner.
CARBONATE ENVIRONMENTS
Shallow marine:
the majority of preserved ancient limestones were
deposited in such environments. The lateral
distribution of shallow marine carbonate environments
and resulting facies assemblages and associations are
quite varied and give rise to the broad array of
carbonate reservoir types found and recognised today.
 REEF TYPES IN A
REEF-DOMINATED PLATFORM MARGIN
(WILSON, 1975)

a. Type I: Downslope accumulations (mud

mounds)
b. Type II: Knoll reefs along gentle slope
profiles
c. Type III: Frame-built organic reef
d. Type IV: Low Relief Carbonate Mud Banks
Transition between down-slope lime-mud
and knoll reefs along gentle slope profiles, :
(proposed by Longman, 1993)
TYPES OF REEF
ACCORDING TO WILSON (1972)
REEF CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON LATERAL EXTENT
NON-LINEAR REEFS
Patch Reefs
Table Reefs
Pinnacle Reef
LINEAR and CIRCULAR REEFS
Fringing Reef
Barrier Reef
Atols
NON LINEAR REEF TYPES
NON LINEAR REEF TYPES
NON-LINEAR REEF COMPONENTS
Reef core:
that portion of the reef within the rigid growth
lattice formed by the frame-building
organisms.
Reef flank:
that portion of the reef which surrounds,
interfingers with, and locally overlies the reef
core.
Inter-reef deposits:
the sediments deposited between reefs.
NON LINEAR REEF ZONATION
LINEAR REEF
LINEAR/CIRCULAR REEF
COMPONENTS
Fore reef:
the seaward side of the reef trend, composed primarily of reef
detritus, interfinger with the reef and basin sediments.
Reef Core or Reef Wall
composed of rigid framework built in the reef crest and reef
front of a living reef.
Back reef:
the landward side of the reef trend, largely reef-derived fossil
debris, calcarenite, and calcilutite, which may interfinger with
both the reef and lagoonal facies, may include the reef flats or
recent reefs.
Lagoon :
The area between the reef complex and the shoreline or in the
area completely circumscribed by the reef complex.
TYPICAL LINEAR REEF ZONATION
STAGES IN REEF CORE FACIES
DEVELOPMENT (JAMES, 1979)
CORAL GROWTH SHAPES AND WAVE
ENERGY
PULAU SERIBU REEF
AN EXAMPLE OF CIRCULAR REEF
PULAU SERIBU REEF
CROSS-SECTION
PULAU SERIBU REEF
ZONATION