Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO

with/without Hardware Impairments

XIANGYU LIU
Table of Contents

Brief introduction of Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO systems with perfect channel state information
Massive MIMO systems with imperfect CSI
Questions
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Employ large-scale antenna systems in base station to communicate with
many single-antenna terminals at the same time
handle large orders of magnitude data traffic
One of the main technology components in next generation cellular
communication (5G)
Advantages in the wireless communication

High Capacity and energy-efficiency

Low cost of building
Reducing latency in the transmission over the air
Increasing the systems robustness
Challenging Problem: Hardware Impairments

Caused by low-cost components used to build system

No. Massive MIMO must be built with low-cost components in

practical.
 System Model

A base station (BS) with M antennas elements

serves K users with no external interference.
y is a K x 1 vector, representing the signals
received by users.
P is the transmit power.
H is a K x M channel matrix.
W is a M x K precoding matrix.
X is a K x 1 vector of transmitted symbols.
e is a K x 1 zero-mean complex Gaussian
vector.
Perfect channel State Information
Assuming that the BS has perfect channel state information, the SINR for user k
for a given channel information H is shown in equation (3).

The maximum achievable rate for user k is the given by

The sum rate is obtained by adding up the rates of all served users, given by
IID Rayleigh Channel
For IID Rayleigh channel, the approximation of the maximum achievable rate for
user k is given by

Matched Filter (MF) precoding scheme Zero-Forcing (ZF) precoding Scheme

MF precoding vector for user k pseudo inverse ZF precoding vector for user k
of H

Normalization
constant
Analytical and Simulation results
Average sum rate vs. number of antennas for an IID Rayleigh channel
K = 10
SNRt = 10 dB
Imperfect channel State Information
The system model with imperfect CSI as a phase and amplitude error could be
modeled as

am is the amplitude error.

m is the phase error.
am and m are assumed to be independent.

For MF, the SINRk is given by

And
a and are standard deviation of amplitude and
phase error.
Simulation results
Relative average sum rate vs. amplitude (right) and phase (left)
K = 10, SNRt = 10 dB