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Date:2002.9.
foreword
Significance
z
y
x
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
1) Normally, an underground formation
has to carry the weight of the overlying
material,
z 0 ( z) gdz (1.1)
z
asthenosphere
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
If we take the tectonic activity into
consideration, then the horizontal stress
will be:
v
x ( 1 ) z (1.3a )
1 v
v
( 2 ) z (1.3b)
1 v
y
v
x '
( 1 ) z (1.9b)
'
1 v
v
y '
( 2 ) z (1.9c)
'
1 v
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
1.2 two strength criterion
1 )Mohr-Coulomb criterion
1
3
1
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
C (1.10)
where: --the inner friction coefficient
of the rock, tg ;
--the inner friction angle;
Cshear strength
This has give us a criterion to judge if
the rock has failed or not.
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
the Mohr-Coulomb criterion also can
be written as the following form which
is the function of the principal stress of
1 and 3 :
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
1 ( 1) 3 ( 1) 2C (1.11)
this is just one form among four.
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
2) Drucker-Prager criterion
while from the above formula, we can
find that Mohr-Coulomb criterion has not
taken the medium stress into consideration.
Contrary to it, the Drucker-Prager criterion
does.
The expression is as the following:
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
QI 1 K f 0(1.12)
1/ 2
J2
where:
I1 1 2 3
1
6
J 2 ( 1 2 ) ( 2 3 ) ( 3 1 )
2 2 2
3 sin
Q
3 3 sin 2
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
3C cos
Kf
3 sin
2
1 3 0 cons tan t
)
T cons tan t
33
32
1
3 0 3
1
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
from the picture, we can find that the
maximum vertical stresses before the
rocks failure is the strength value
according to certain horizontal pressure.
when we increase the horizontal
pressure, it will not only increase the
strength of the rock, but also the plasticity,
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
i.e. the strain value before failure will
also increased. The third curve
approximately approach to the ideal
plasticity situation; the fourth one has
shown obvious hardening property. The
slope of the curve equal to the Youngs
modulus. If we record the transversal
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
strain 2 3 , then we can get the
value of the Poissons ration .
3
(1.13)
1
the rocks tensile strength is much
smaller than its compressive strength.
It is difficult to carry out the tensile test
Section 1 Some geological
aspects of rock mechanics
in the axial direction directly. So we
adopt the following method to obtain the
tensile strength t .
t (MPa)(1.14)
rt
where: Pthe total stress(N)
r-- the radius of the sample (mm)
t--the thickness of the sample(mm)
Tensile test
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
Underground formations are always
under some stress, mostly due to over-
burden pressure and tectonic stresses.
When a well is drilled in a formation,
stressed solid material is removed and
replaced with a fluid under pressure.
Since the well fluid pressure normally
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
does not match exactly the stress which
the removed solid exerted, there will be
an alteration in the stress state of the
formation around the well. (see figure )
This stress alteration is important, since
large stress deviation may lead to failure
in the formation. (see figure )
Stresses in a formation
before (a) and after drilling (b)
Well-bore failure
(caving)
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
If we consider the well is in a linear
elastic formation, so we can use the
the following model to analyze the wells
stresses situation: ( see figure )
for convenience, we use cylindrical
co-ordinates to study the stresses
distribution around the well-bore wall.
Borehole wall stresses
model (1)
Borehole wall stresses
model (2)
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
2.1 the stresses distribution of the
vertical well
1) the stresses caused by well pressure
R2
r 2 ( 2.1a )
r
R2
2 (2.1b)
r
Where R is the radius of the well-
bore.
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
2) The stresses caused by the x
x R2 x 3R 4 4 R 2
r (1 2 ) (1 4 2 ) cos 2 (2.2a)
2 r 2 r r
x R2 x 3R 4
(1 2 ) (1 4 ) cos 2 (2.2b)
2 r 2 r
x 3R 4 2 R 2
r (1 4 2 ) sin 2 (2.2c)
2 r r
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
3) Caused by the y
y R2 y 3R 4 4 R 2
r (1 2 ) (1 4 2 ) cos 2 (2.3a)
2 r 2 r r
y R2 y 3R 4
(1 2 ) (1 4 ) cos 2 (2.3b)
2 r 2 r
y 3R 4
2R 2
r (1 4 2 ) sin 2 (2.3c)
2 r r
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
4) Caused by the z
2
R
z v [2( x y ) 2 cos 2 ]( 2.4)
r
(1 )(1 2 ) r 2 R 2
f ( 0 )( 2.5b)
2(1 )
2
r
(1 )(1 2 )
z f ( 0 )( 2.5c)
2(1 )
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
where :
--Poissons ratio
f --porosity of the rock
0
R 2
z z 2( x y )( ) cos 2
r
(1 )(1 2 )
f ( 0 )( 2.6c )
(1 )
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
when the well is permeable, =1;
when the well is non-permeable, =0.
at the well-bore wall (r=R), the stresses
distribution is:
r f ( 0 )(2.7a)
x (1 2 cos 2 ) y (1 2 cos 2 )
(1 )(1 2 )
f ( 0 )( 2.7b)
(1 )
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
z z 2( x y ) cos 2
(1 )(1 2 )
f ( 0 )( 2.7c)
(1 )
3 sin cos
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
yz 1 sin cos sin
2 sin sin cos
while as we are study the deviated
well, so the stresses distribution around
the well-bore wall are not only caused by
the above terms, but also are caused by
the component of xy , xz , yz .
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
1) by the xy
4 2
3R 4R
r xy (1 4 2 ) sin 2
r r
4
3R
xy (1 4 ) sin 2
r
4 2
3R 2R
r xy (1 4 2 ) cos 2 (2.12)
r r
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
2) By the xz
2
R
rz xz (1 2 ) cos
r
2
R
z xz (1 2 ) sin (2.13)
r
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
3) By the yz
2
R
rz yxz (1 2 ) sin
r
2
R
z yz (1 2 ) cos (2.14)
r
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
add the stresses caused by different
component, we can get the total stresses
distribution around the deviated well:
r .. ..
.. ..
z .. ..
r .. ..
rz .. ..
z .. ..( 2.15)
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
at the well-bore wall (r=R) the stresses
can also be obtained:
r f ( 0 )
(1 )(1 2 )
[ f ]( 0 )
(1 )
xx (1 2 cos 2 ) yy (1 cos 2 )
4 xy sin 2
Section 2 Stresses
around boreholes
(1 )(1 2 )
z [ f ]( 0 ) zz
(1 )
[2( xx yy ) cos 2 4 xy sin 2 ]
r 0
rz 0
z 2 yz cos 2 xz sin (2.16)
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
problem.
The increased costs of such
problems are obvious. Instabilities may
also cause considerable problems to
later operations in the borehole.
Examples of this are logging, log
evaluation and cementing. Poor
cementing of the casing can lead to
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
problems for perforating, sand control,
production and stimulation.
stability problems can appear both
in vertical and in deviated wells. The
problems are generally larger in a
deviated hole, since the stress
distribution is less favorable. The
vertical stress, which is normally the
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
the largest, will have an increasing
component normal to the well-bore as
the deviation angle increasing, and the
stable range for the mud-weight
decrease. This may requires additional
casings. In some zones it may be
inadvisable to drill above a certain
angle.These limitation must therefore
be considered already in the planning
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
phase of a field.
This effect of deviation applies to
zones of normal stress gradients. If
tectonic components are present, the
situation may be the opposite, i.e.
increased deviation is more favorable,
at least in a given azimuth direction.
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
2. The principle of a stability analysis
Ideally a theoretical model should cover
all aspects which could affect stability,such
as well pressure, temperature, time, mud
chemistry etc.
such a model is, however, unavailable
today, and is not likely to appear in the
near future since all mechanisms are not
mapped. The model would require large
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
2) Pore pressure
2) Drucker-Prager criterion
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
z z p0 (3.2c)
'
where: C0 2C (1 2 )1 / 2 (3.4a)
(3.4b)
4 2
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
Cshear strength
-- inner friction coefficient
-- inner friction angle
then we can calculate the critical
well pressure:
2 h C0 (tg ) p0
2
pcr (3.5)
1 tg
2
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
r C 0 tg (3.6)
2
E E 0 n
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
where: --confining pressure;
EYoungs modulus;
E0 ,nconstant related to the
rock
In Talimu area, it can be written as:
E 2736 0.1
3 0 0 (6.1)
'
1
y
'
z (3.8b)
'
1
z z p0 (3.8c)
'
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
z ' z p0 (3.11a)
x (
'
) z (3.11b)
'
1
y '
( ) z (3.11c)
'
1
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
it suppose:
1)The formation was in non-uniform
tectonic stresses situation;
2)Stresses concentration exists near the
well- bore.
3)The reason that the formation fracturing
is because the stresses at the well-bore
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
1
if we take the tectonic stresses into
Consideration,then
1' ( 1 ) 3 (3.23a )
'
1
2 (
'
2 ) 3 (3.23b)
'
1
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
C
D
E
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
1 ( A)
1
(B)
... 1 (3.25a )
2 ( A)
2
(B)
... 2 (3.25b)
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
2
1
Es
2 s ( 1 3 ) (3.26b)
' ' '
1 1 E s 2 s ( S p0 ) 2 E s
1 '
(3.29a)
2 1 s 1 s 1 s
1 1 E s 2 s ( S p0 ) 2 E s
1
'
(3.29b)
2 1 s 1 s 1 s
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
where:
1 1 2 (3.30a)
2 1 2 (3.30b)
they represent the formation coefficient.
take the horizontal principal stresses:
1 1 p 0 (3.31a)
'
2 2 p 0 (3.31b)
'
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
into:
p f 3 2 1 p0 S t (3.32)
so we can get the expression of the
fracture pressure as the following:
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
1 Es 2 Es 2 s
pf (S P0 ) p0 S t (3.33)
1 s 1 s 1 s
the first term reflects the tectonic effect;
the second term reflects the over-lying
effect;
the third term reflects the pore pressure
effect;
Section 3 Critical Mud-Weight
the fourth term reflects the tensile
strength effect;
The value of the s andEs can
be obtained by transforming the
well logging data. So it has put a
new method for predicting the fracturing
pressure continuously and mapping the
fracturing pressures section.
Illustration of stability analysis
for a deviated well-bore
Section 4 predict the well-
bore stability continuously
using well logging data
1.longitudinal wave and transverse wave
in elastic medium using elastic theory
E d (1 d )
Vp ( 4.1)
(1 d )(1 2 d )
Ed
Vs ( 4.2)
2 (1 d )
where: = v gH(Mpa)
generally speaking, it can also be used
among other regions.
3.5 decide the tectonic coefficient 1 , 2
1 ( H h 2P0 )(1 s ) 2 s ( S P0 )
1
Es
1
2 ( H h )(1 s )( 4.15)
Es
while tectonic coefficient is a constant
for certain tectonic region, so when we
know its value at certain depth then it
can be used in overall tectonic region.
Example
Known condition:
1)vertical well:
the deviation angle-- = 0 ;
the azimuth angle-- = 0 ;
2)in situ stresses(measuring depth=1000)
H =2.61 Mpa/100m;
h =1.71 Mpa/100m;
Example
v =2.35 Mpa/100m;
P0 =1.3 Mpa/100m;
s =0.25 ;
E s =40 Gpa;
3)the effective coefficient =0.85;
4)the well-bore wall is non-permeable,i.e.
=0;
Example
5)well logging data:
MD TVD AC GR DEN
1 1 Es i 2 s i (S i P0 ) 2 Es i
h i P0
2 1 s i 1 s i 1 s i
Example
s 0.1 d 0.15
E s 0.3E d 0.33Gpa
V 2 s 3(V p / Vs ) 2 4
Ed
v s 0.59v(V p / Vs ) 2 1
p 0.21
(V p / Vs ) 2
2
d
2 (V p / Vs ) 1 2
v s 0.59v p 0.21
Example
V p 12 2.54 10 / AC km/s;
S i DEN i g MDi
3) 1 d 2 4
C 5.44 10 (1 2 d )(
15 2
) V p (1 0.78Vcl )
1 d
GR GR min
IGR
GR max GR min
2 1 IGR
Vcl 2.7
2 1
Example
2.564 log M ( M 1) 2 1/ 2
20
M 58.93 1.785C
S t 0.0045Ed (1 Vcl ) 0.008Ed Vcl / 12
4)fracturing pressure
1 E s 2 E s 2 s
pf ( S P0 ) p0 S t
1 s 1 s 1 s
Pf 1000
f g / cm 3
g MDi
Example
collapse pressure
(3 H h ) 2CK p0 ( K 2 1)
m 100
(K )H
2
Well logging data and calculating result
Depth Time Gamma Density
(m) difference ray of the
s / ft rock
1060 87 88 2.42
1065 51 81 2.38
1070 62 70 2.37
1075 55 30 2.42
1080 80 77 2.39
1085 82 71 2.41
1090 65 87 2.43
1 2
Over-loading
(horizontal (horizontal stress
stress stress
coefficient) coefficient)
0.00024 0.000281 23.794
0.00024 25.257
0.00028
25.480
0.00024 0.00028
25.545
0.00024 0.00028
0.00024 25.877
0.00028
Horizontal Horizontal Tensile Shear
stress stress strength
strength