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Structure and
Nomenclature
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: contains one or more
carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
Alkene: contains a carbon-carbon double bond
and has the general formula CnH2n
H H
C C
H H
Ethylene
(an alkene)
Alkyne:
contains a carbon-carbon triple bond
and has the general formula CnH2n-2
H-C C-H
Acetylene
(an alkyne) .
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
H H
C C
H C C H C6 H5 - Ph-
C C
H H
Benzene Alternative rep res entations
for th e ph enyl grou p
Structure of Alkenes
A double bond consists of
one sigma bond formed by the overlap of sp2 hybrid
orbitals and one pi bond formed by the overlap of
parallel 2p orbitals
the two carbon atoms of a double bond and the four
atoms bonded to them lie in a plane, with bond angles
of approximately 120
Elements of Unsaturation
5
Example: Calculate the Unsaturations for a
Compound with Formula C5H8.
Chapter 7 6
Elements of Unsaturation: Heteroatoms
Halogens replace hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons, so
when calculating unsaturations, count halides as
hydrogen atoms.
Oxygen does not change the C:H ratio, so ignore oxygen
in the formula.
Nitrogen is trivalent, so it acts like half a carbon. Add the
number of nitrogen atoms when calculating
unsaturations.
Chapter 7 7
Example: Calculate the Unsaturations for a
Compound with Formula C4H7Br.
8
Example: Calculate the Unsaturations for a
Compound with Formula C6H7N.
9
Index of Hydrogen Deficiency
Problem: isopentyl acetate has a molecular formula of
C7H14O2. Calculate its IHD O
reference hydrocarbon C7H16
O
IHD = (16-14)/2 = 1 Isopentyl acetate
6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2
5 3 1 5 3 1 5 3 1
2
1
1-methylcyclopentene 3-methylcyclopentene
Common Names
Despite the precision and universal acceptance
of IUPAC nomenclature, some alkenes,
particularly low-molecular-weight ones, are
known almost exclusively by their common
names CH 3
CH2 = CH2 CH3 CH= CH 2 CH3 C= CH2
IUPAC: Ethene Propene 2-Methylpropene
Common: Ethylene Propylene Isobutylene
Common Names
the common names methylene, vinyl, and allyl are
often used to show the presence of the following
alkenyl groups
trans- Cyclooctene
(a pair of enantiomers)
The Cis,Trans System
Configurationis determined by the orientation of
atoms of the main chain
Cl
(a) (b)
Cl
Cl
(c) (d)
Br
Dienes, Trienes, and Polyenes
For alkenes containing two or more double
bonds, change the infix -en- to -adien-, -atrien-,
etc.
those containing several double bonds are often
referred more generally as polyenes
following are three dienes
1
2 3 2
4 5 4
6 7
(2E,4E)-2,4-Heptadien e (2E,4Z)-2,4-Hep tadiene
2 2
4 4
CH2 OH
V itamin A (retinol)
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Low boiling points, increasing with mass.
Branched alkenes have lower boiling points.
Less dense than water.
Slightly polar:
Pi bond is polarizable, so instantaneous dipoledipole
interactions occur.
Alkyl groups are electron-donating toward the pi bond,
so may have a small dipole moment.
Commercial Uses of Ethylene
Commercial Uses of Propylene
=>
Chapter 7 27
Polarity and Dipole Moments of Alkenes
Chapter 7 28
Terpenes
Terpene: a compound whose carbon skeleton
can be divided into two or more units identical
with the carbon skeleton of isoprene
head 2 4 tail
1 3
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
(Isoprene)
Terpenes
Myrcene, C10H16, a component of bayberry wax
and oils of bay and verbena
OH
Terpenes
-Pinene, from turpentine
camphor, from the camphor tree
O
Fatty Acids
the four most abundant fatty acids
COOH Stearic acid (18:0)
(mp 70C)
COOH Oleic acid (18;1)
(mp 16C)