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Hydro Power Plant

gate hoist
Intake gate

Intake trashrack Tunnel Inlet Surge tank


Tunnel Inlet
trashrack Penstock inlet
Valve

Desilting basin
Headrace tunnel
Anchor block
Anchor block

Shaddle

Power house
Exp. joint

DT end gate
IV G
Tailrace
SC

IV -inlet valve
R -turbine runner
SC -spiral case R
DT
G -generator

Typical Power House with Francis Turbine

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Hydro power plants
Inlet gate
Air inlet Surge shaft

Penstock

Tunnel

Tail water Self closing valve

Main valve
Turbine
Draft tube
Draft tube gate
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Introduction
Hydraulic turbines are machines which use the
energy of water and convert it to mechanical
energy.
The mechanical energy developed by a turbine
is used in running an electric generator which
is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
The electric generator thus develops electric
power, which is known as hydro-electric power.

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Hydraulic Turbines

Turbine Generator
Water Mechanical Electrical
(Energy/Power) (Energy/Power) (Energy/Power)

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Advantages of Hydroelectricity
- Hydro-Electrical are clean, renewable and Cheap.
- Flowing water is free and reliable. Seasonal
changes in water supply are fairly predictable.
The water stored in the reservoir provides a
continuous supply, even during dry weather.
- Small-scale HPP is simple and inexpensive.
small communities can get electricity from local
streams.
- Hydro reservoirs can also be used to control
flooding, for irrigation and for recreational
activities such as boating and fishing.

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Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity
Large dams are expensive and slow to build. over ten
years between the decision and electricity flows.

Few sites for building large dams. In most sites for


large dams are already used. The sites that are left
are mostly in the far north.

Dams disrupt the natural flow of water and disrupt


ecosystems upstream and downstream. Creatures that
live in the water and animals that live on land can be
seriously harmed by changes in the flow of the river.

Reservoirs flood people's homes and farmland. The


people who live in the settlements and who use the
land may not want a reservoir there, even if they want
electricity.
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Water-Power (KW) =9.81 x Q (m3 /s) x H (m)
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A picture for A hydro-power plant
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Arrangement of a small hydropower
plant

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Ligga Power Plant, Norrbotten, Sweden

H = 39 m
Q = 513 m3/s
P = 182 MW
Drunner=7,5 m

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A diagrammatic sketch for A hydro-power plant
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Essential elements of hydro power
plants.

1-Catchment area:

The whole area behind the


clam training into a
stream as river across
which the dam has been
built at suitable place is
called catchments area.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants.
2- Reservoir:

A reservoir is employed to store water which is


further utilized to generate power by running the
hydroelectric turbines.
In a reservoir the water collected from the
catchment area is stored behind a dam.
The level of water surface in the reservoir is
called Head water level.
Note : Continuous availability of water is a basic
necessity for a hydro-electric power plant.
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Essential elements of hydro power
plants.
3- Dam:
The purpose of the dam is to
store the water and to
regulate the out going flow
of water.
The dam helps to store all
the incoming water. It also
helps to increase the head of
the water. In order to
generate a required quantity
of power it is necessary that
a sufficient head is available.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants.
4- Spillway:

Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability


of dam construction. Also in order to avoid the over
flow of water out of the dam especially during rainy
seasons spillways are provided. This prevents the
rise of water level in the dam.
Spillways are passages which allows the excess water
to flow to a storage area away from the dam.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants.

5- Gate :
A gate is used to regulate or control the flow
of water from the dam.

6- Pressure tunnel:
It is a passage that carries water from the
reservoir to the surge tank.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants
7- Surge tank:

A Surge tank is a
small reservoir or
tank in which the
water level rises or
falls due to sudden
changes in pressure.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants
Purpose of surge tank:
To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when the water in the pipe is
accelerated during increased load conditions and as a storage tank when
the water is decelerating during reduced load conditions.
To reduce the distance between the free water surface in the dam and
the turbine, thereby reducing the water-hammer effect on penstock and
also protect the upstream tunnel from high pressure rise.
Water-hammer effect :
o The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or
below normal pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water
flow through the pipe, according to the demand of prime mover i.e.
turbine.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants
8- Penstock:
Penstock is a closed pipe of steel
or concrete for supplying water
under pressure to the turbine.

9- Inlet valve :
Water from the penstock flows
to the turbine through the inlet
valve. The valve may be partially
closed or open thereby
regulating the pressure of water
flowing to the turbine.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants

10- Draft tube:


It is connected to the outlet of the
turbine.
It allows the turbine to be placed
above the tail water level.

11-Tail water level or Tail


race:
Tail water level is the water level
after the discharge from the
turbine. The discharged water is
sent to the river, thus the level of
the river is the tail water level.

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Essential elements of hydro power
plants
12- Electric generator:
As the water rushes through the
turbine, it spins the turbine shaft,
which is coupled to the electric
generator. The generator has a
rotating electromagnet called a rotor
and a stationary part called a stator.
The rotor creates a magnetic field
that produces an electric charge in
the stator. The charge is transmitted
as electricity. The step-up
transformer increases the voltage of
the current coming from the stator.
The electricity is distributed
through power lines also called as
pylon.
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Types of Dam Gates

Radial Gates
Wheel Gates
Slide Gates
Flap Gates
Rubber Gates

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Gates in Hydro Power Plants

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Radial Gates Sweden

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Radial Gate
The forces acting
on the arc will be
transferred to the
bearing

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Slide Gate

Jhimruk Power Plant, Nepal

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Flap Gate

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Circular gate

Jhimruk Power Plant, Nepal

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Rubber gate

Reinforced rubber Flow disturbance


Open position

Reinforced rubber
Bracket Closed position

Air inlet

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Trash Racks

Panauti Power Plant, Nepal


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Power calculation

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(General energy equation )
2 2
P1 V P2 V
Z1 hL h A h R
1
Z2 2
2.g 2.g
Energy Removed
(turbine)

Energy Add
( pump)

Energy Loss
(pipe & fittings)

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Basic equations
(General energy equation )
2 2
P1 V P2 V
Z1 hL h A h R
1
Z2 2
2.g 2.g
Energy Removed
1
(turbine)

Energy Add
( pump)

2 Energy Loss
(pipe & fittings)
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Elevation difference

Total head loss

hR Z1 - Z2 hL
H =hR = Net Available Head (m)

hR=Z1-Z2-KQ2

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Turbine power

Turbine water power Pw Q V H (KW)

Available Head
Spec.weight. KN/m3
on the Turbine.
(m)
Flow rate m3 / s

Turbine Output Power :

Po T PW T .Q.H (KW)

t =Turbine Overall Efficiency (up to 96%)


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Turbine Power and efficiency

PO Hydraulic power QV hnet

B.P
m
Hydraulic power

h net = The net available head on the turbine.


m= Mechanical efficiency .
B.P= Break horse power KW.

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