A PROJECT PRELIMINARY REPORT ON

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTATION OF DARRIEUS

TURBINE FOR HYDRODYNAMIC APPLICATION

GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
V.K. PATEL SUSHANT KHATIWODA(U11ME187)
ASSISTANT JULIAN WIN ADHIKARI (U11ME214)
PROFESSOR ELTON LOBO (U11ME173)
VISHAN AMARATHUNGA( U11ME209)
ROHAN GAMIT (U11ME162)
 INTRODUCTION

Fossil fuel depletion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are

sources of major concern all over the world. In order to
mitigate these problems and to try to preserve the planet for
the future generations, it is necessary to point on energy
saving, efficiency and renewable power generation.

Among renewables, a renewed interest is focused on

hydropower generation, which is characterized by a very low
carbon footprint, mainly associated with the construction and
decommissioning processes. There should not be essentially
emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). during operation.

In this work, a ducted Darrieus-type hydro turbine has been

considered for utilization of extra-low head hydropower (head
less than 2m).
 Darrieus Rotor:
The Darrieus rotor is a mechanical and structural simple machine.
The airfoils follow a circular path with a continuous cyclic
variation in relative velocity and angle of attack. Hence, airfoils
experience periodically variable loads, which are also affected
by dynamic stall phenomena especially at low tip speed ratios.

Moreover, the flow around the blades during the downstream

passages can be disturbed by the wakes generated by the
same blades during their upstream passages and by other
elements (e.g., the turbine shaft). These features make the fluid
dynamic analysis of such a turbine very challenging.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Air Foil:
An airfoil is the shape of a wing or blade (of a
propeller, rotor, or turbine) or sail as seen in cross-
section. An airfoil-shaped body moved through a
fluid produces an aerodynamic force.
The component of this force perpendicular to the
direction of motion is called lift. The component
parallel to the direction of motion is called drag.
The lift on an airfoil is primarily the result of its angle of attack and
shape.

Asymmetric airfoils can generate lift at zero angle of attack,

while a symmetric airfoil may better suit frequent inverted flight as
in an aerobatic airplane. In the region of the ailerons and near a
wingtip a symmetric airfoil can be used to increase the range of
angles of attack to avoid spinstall.
Subsonic airfoils have a round leading edge, which is naturally
insensitive to the angle of attack.
 NACA PROFILE:
The NACA profiles are air foil sets for aircraft wing developed
by National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
The digital series of air foils are further divided in to sub
categories. They are designated as NACA followed by 4 digit
number. They are controlled by this digit which designated the
camber, the position of the maximum camber and the
thickness. Ex: NACA 2421
 CALCULATIONS
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF
STRAIGHT-BLADED DARRIEUS-TYPE VAWT:
(i) Variation of local angle of attack:
The chordal velocity component VC and
the normal velocity component VN
are obtained from the following equations;
VC = R + VAcos (1)
VN = VAsin.. (2)

Where VA is the axial flow velocity through the rotor, is the

rotational velocity, R is the radius of the turbine, and is the azimuth
angle. Referring to the above figure, angle of attack () can be
expressed as

= tan-1(VN/VC). (3)
(ii) Variation of local relative flow velocity:
The relative flow velocity (W) can be obtained as;
W = (VC 2 + VN 2)1/2 (4)
(iii) Variation of tangential and normal forces:
Before defining the relation for tangential and normal forces, we can obtain
an expression for lift force FL and drag force FD. Now,
FL = CL x AW2 (5)
FD = CD x AW2.. (6)
Where CL and CD are the coefficient of lift and drag respectively. These
values are obtained from literature. For our calculations CL and CD values of
NACA 0025 is considered.
is the density of fluid(water).
A is the area of the blade, we can write
A = CH (7)
Where, C is the blade chord and H is the height of the blade.
Therefore, replacing value of (7) in (5) and (6), we get,
FL = CL x CHW2 (8)
FD = CD x CHW2.(9)
Resolving the force diagram shown in Figure, we get,
FT = FLsin - FDcos (10)
FN = FLcos + FDsin ..(11)
Where FT and FN are the tangential and normal forces
respectively.
(iv) Calculation of torque:
Now we know that the torque generated on the blade is due to the
application of the tangential force FT, therefore;
Torque = R x FT .. (12)
(v) Calculation of power:
The total power thus obtained is;
P = . . (13)
Where T is the total torque obtained and is the rotational speed.
SAMPLE CALCULATION:

(i) Chord velocity (Vc): (ii) Normal velocity (Vn):

Vc = R+Va Cos Vn = Va*Sin
= 0.2*6.283 + 1*Cos(15) = 0.258
= 2.22 m/s (Vc)2 (Vn)2
(iii) Angle of Attack (): (iv) Local Velocity (W):
= Tan-1(Vn/Vc) W = (Vn2 + Vc2)1/2
=Tan-1(0.258/2.22) = 6.64 =2.237 m/s

(v) Reynold No.(Re): (vi) Coefficient of Lift and Drag:

Re = WC/ By interpolation, We get,
= 1000*2.237*0.150/0.000798 CL = 0.5787
= 420598.11 CD = 0.0155

(vii) Lift & Drag Force: (viii) Tangential Force:

FL = (1/2) CL*CHW2 FT = FL* Sin ()-FD*Cos ()
= (1/2)*0.5787*1000*0.15*0.3*(2.237)2 = 65.19* Sin (6.64)-1.75*Cos(6.64)
= 65.19 N =5.8023N
(ix) FD = (1/2) CD*CHW2
= (1/2)*0.0155*1000*0.15*0.3*(2.237)2
= 1.75 N

(x) Torque :
T = FT*R
= 5.8023*0.2
=1.16Nm

(xi) Power :
P = T*
= 1.16*6.28
= 7.291 W
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Tentative Cost:

Particulars Quantity Cost per kg Amount

TYPE 410: Plain Chromium 0.5 kg 160.9 80.45

(Martensitic) Stainless Steel

Roller contact ball Bearing 2 125 250

Aluminum L angle Bar 1.5 210 315

Wood 0.4 ft2 3000 1200

Wood working charges 500 1700

Power measurement device 1 550 550

Extra charges - - 500

Total 4595.5
Tentative Setup Procedure:
The ducts are the inlet or outlet portion of the turbine through
which the fluid will be moving. Due to facts that we are using the
turbine in normal stream flow (only kinetic flow) only, very low
speed (rpm) of the blades is expected. The only way to increase
the speed for the Darrieus turbine in hydrodynamic condition is to
increase the velocity of blades which further depends upon the
velocity of stream.

This is further described by the following equation.

A1 V1 = A2 V2 . (8)
Where, A1 = inlet duct area
V1 = inlet velocity of water
A2 = outlet duct area
V2 = outlet velocity of water
This duct is proposed to be made of light weight wood and further covered with water
resistant material. One end of these two plates are pivoted to one end of the frame
and the other end is to be moved freely and a suitable mechanism is to be provided
so as to move the angles individually.

Obstruction of the water flow being a major issue with the previous developed models
so this helps in resolving the above mentioned. And this frame structure is further
strengthened by the use of Aluminium which even make it lighter.
Two pairs of extensions are provided in the sides of the frame for easy handling while
dipping it inside a water stream. A platform which is emerging out of the water level is
to mount the various measuring devices used in the experiment.
 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF NACA 0025 AIRFOIL:

After careful studying of the theoretical parameters NACA 0025 air foil
section is selected as explained early in the analytical chapter. Coordinates
of this air foil is taken by the (site address) and using the given coordinates
generation of the cross section of the air foil is done using AutoCAD
software.

A local craftsman who was provided with the cross section and other
necessary dimensions was contacted for the manufacturing of the blade
under the thorough inspection of the group members. Carefully crafted four
blades were painted and then covered with water resistant material.
 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF ROTOR

Two circular disks are used at the top and the bottom of the air foils to connect them to the
main shaft. This design helps in reducing the stress concentration of the blades and the shaft.
And further this structure helps in pivoting the blades in an axis perpendicular to the plane of
the blades and thus improving another aspect of the project by allowing us to vary the pitch
angle of the blades using a link mechanism.

The power produced by the turbine is relatively low and are constantly varying.
Dynamometer and torque sensor are mostly used for the low power measurement devices.
Materials Used:
Name of the Material Advantages Further working
component finalized required(if any)

Shaft TYPE 410: Plain -Exceptional strength. None.

Chromium -It is a low cost,
(Martensitic) Stainless -heat treatable
Steel -grade suitable for non-corrosive
applications
Bearing Roller contact ball -Easily available in market None
Bearing -a good tradeoff between cost, size,
weight carrying capacity, durability,
accuracy, friction,
Frames Aluminum L angle Bar -Light weight Clamping for making
-corrosion resistant a final structure
-Market availability
Airfoil Wood -Easily available Lamination followed
-Better surface finish by painting to avoid
-Good machinability the warping of wood

Circular cover Sheet metal -relatively corrosion resistant Painting

-low cost
- easy working as compared to
 DESIGN OF SHAFT

(i) Selection of material:

The material chosen was SS Type for the reasons mentioned in the
previous slide.

(ii) Maximum drag force:

The drag force will be responsible for the bending moment failure of the
shaft. The average speed of the stream is assumed to be 1m/s. On
doing the theoretical analysis, the maximum value of CD was found to
be 1.22 at an angle of 155. The maximum theoretical drag force
produced was 89.13 N.

(iii) Maximum lift force:

It is assumed that whole lift force will be used for the rotation of shaft
being responsible for the torsional moment failure. Hence, at an angle of
155 the value of CL is 1.18 and the lift force is 32.53 N.
Calculation:
(i) Permissible shear stress:
[] = / (9)
[q]= (0.5415)/3 = 69.16 N/mm2

(ii) Bending moment:

F1=32.53 N
The maximum bending moment will be acting on bearing 3 (B3), the value of which is
=(32.53300)+ (32.53175) = 15451.75 N

(iii) Torsional moment:

Mt=F r = (89.13 200) = 17826 N-mm
Now,
[q] = (16( Mb2 + MT2)1/2)/d3

On solving for d, we get, d = 12.0213 mm

Hence, the required diameter is 15 mm.

 OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Parameter Notation Dimension (mm)

Chord length of the blade C 150

Height of the blade H 300

Radius of turbine R 200

Overall size hxwxl 600 x 600 x 600

 FUTURE WORKS
The whole plan has been divided into stages which are as follows;
FIRST STAGE:
Manufacturing of the blades is already completed and the turbine
rotor will be designed in mid-December. Our aim is to complete the
turbine model up and running for the experiments at the end of
January.
SECOND STAGE:
Introduction of duct to increase the efficiency of the turbine. Study
the effect of variation of duct angle in the efficiency of the turbine.
THIRD STAGE:
Study the variation of the efficiency with the pitch angle variation of
the blades. And analyze the stress distribution of blades and main
shaft using ANSYS software.