03 Wireline

WIRELINE LOGGING
DN, March 2009, TrisaktiReference, date, place

Outline
Formation Evaluation
Mudlogging
Cores
Wireline logs
Logging while drilling (LWD)
Drillstem testing
Subsurface maps
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Objectives
Describe the information that can be obtained from a

mud log.
List six conventional openhole well logs and describe

the information that can be obtained from each.
Calculate water saturation using Archies equation,

given well log readings.
Explain what subsurface maps are used for and

describe the reserves.

Well Log
SP Resistivity

WIRELINE LOGGING OPERATIONS
LOGGING UNIT
CABLE
CEMENTED CASING
CASED HOLE LOGS
CASING SHOE
SONDE OPEN HOLE

LOGS
WELL TD

Well-logging Equipment
To operate logging tools you need:
Logging Truck or Cabin
Recorders
Depth and Tension Systems
Wireline Cable
Logging Tools

Wireline Logging

Logging Truck or Cabin
ECLIPS
Offshore & Land Unit from Baker Atlas
Logging truck and Offshore cabin
from Schlumberger

Recorders
Photographic recorder
Films
Magnetic tapes
DAT or CDs (new generation)
Magnetic recorder
Introduction
When Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger ran the first well-log back in 1927, they
called it with great foresight : electrical coring .
These words were indeed very prophetic since well-log data represent a quasi-
continuous record (more continuous than coring) with higher resolution than
seismic (from 1m to 5mm).
Well-logs applications concern not only geologists but also petrophysicists,

geophysicists and reservoir engineer.

Well-logging Historycal Review
1927-1930

Well-logging Historycal Review
1927-1930

Wireline Logging
cable
Tool System
Cartridge
Cartridge :
Electronic Device
Generator/Power Supply
R
Telemetry System
Sonde :
Logging
Sonde
Sensor(s)/Receiver
Transmitter T

Wireline Logging
ADVANTAGES :
Acquisition of large amount of data in relatively short time and
at reasonable cost
In situ measurement of formation properties
Determine where other tests should be conducted (optimisation)
DISADVANTAGES :
Indirect measurement of needed parameters
Need special interpretaion techniques.

Well Logging - Purposes
To answer the followings :
Existence of the reservoirs

Location (depth) of the reservoirs
Thickness of the reservoirs
Lithology of the reservoirs
Properties of the reservoirs (porosity, homogenity)
Vertical and lateral distribution of the reservoirs
Type of contained fluid in the reservoirs
Fluid saturation and properties (salinity, temperature, pressure)
key for well decision

Well Logging
Process of all recording well/formation data during
drilling and after drilling of the well
Categories :
Drilling Operation Logs : mud logs
MWD
LWD
After Drilling/Wireline Logs :
electrical
acoustic
radioactive
electromagnetic
Open-hole logging : formation evaluation

Cased-hole logging : formation properties, casing, cement
Production Logging : fluid movement, production, formation
treatment monitoring
Openhole Well Logs
Passive measurements
Gamma ray : indicates lithology
Spontaneous potential : indicates
lithology
Caliper : hole condition
Active measurements
Resistivity : fluid saturation, fluid
Cap rock type
Oil Porosity : rock properties, quantity
of hydrocarbon
Density : rock properties, seismic
response
Sonic log : rock properties, seismic
response
Reservoir rock Source rock
Well Log Interpretation
Logs provide detailed essential information on wells and

reservoirs
Well
Rock type
Sandstone
Porosity
Depth Permeability
Claystone
Fluid type
Fluid volume
Limestone
Formation tops
Fractures
Shale
Granite

WIRELINE LOGGING
BOREHOLE ENVIRONMENT
OBJECTIVE
Mengenal konsep infasi mud filtrat
Mengenal terminologi dasar, simbol dan difinisi
Mengenal efek dari mud filtrat terhadap wire line log

PROSES INVASI
Selama Pengeboran :
Tekanan lumpur sebesar (Pm)
Tekanan hydrostatic fluida di dalam pori-pori formasi (Pr)
Beda kedua tekanan tadi dikontrol untuk :
Mencegah Blowout
Mendorong cairan lumpur pemboran masuk kedalam
formasi (proses invasi).
Proses invasi menimbulkan padatan pada dinding formasi yang dinamakan
Kerak lumpur (mud cake).
Cairan yang masuk kedalam formasi dinamakan Mud Fitrate

PROSES PEMBORAN :
Tekanan lumpur sebesar (Pm)

Tekanan hydrostatic fluida di dalam pori-pori formasi (Pr)
Beda kedua tekanan tadi dikontrol untuk : Mencegah Blowout
Selama proses pemboran akan terjadi Infasi mud filtrat kedalam zone
permeabel
Jika tekanan kolom lumpur lebih besar dari tekanan formasi cairan dalam
lumpur akan masuk kedalam formasi
Masuknya filtrat lumpur akan menyebabkan terbentuknya mud cake pada
dinding lubang bor
Cairan yang masuk kedalam formasi dinamakan Mud Fitrate
PENGARUH TERHADAP LUBANG BOR :
Daerah disekitar lubang bor dibedakan menjadi invade zone (flushed zone dan
transition zone) dan uninvaded zone
Merupakan hal yang mendasar yang perlu diketahui oleh setiap enginer yang
melakukan analisa log
Nomenclature:
Borehole:
Rm = Resistivity of mud.
Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.
Flushed Zone:
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate.
RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone.
SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone.
Uninvaded or Virgin Zone:

RT = True resistivity of formation.
RW = Resistivity of formation water.
SW = Formation Water Saturation.
RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed resistivity.
di = Diameter of invasion.
dh = Borehole diameter.
h = Bed thickness.
Effect of Filtrate Invasion -
Rnear_well Rt (permeability present)
Uninvaded
Zone
(Rt)
Invaded
Zone (Rxo)
Wellbore
Mud
(Rm)
n
i to
Uninvaded n s Mud Cake
Tra ne
Zone Zo (Rmc)
(Rt)
Modified from J. Jensen, PETE 321 Lecture Notes

Pengaruh Invasi Pada
Pengukuran Resistivitas.
1. Flushed zone dengan diameter (df.)
Mengandung Mud Filtrate (Rm )
Mengandung Residual Hydrocarbon

Punya Resistivitas Batuan Rxo.
Tebal ~ 6 inches, tapi bisa lebih atau kurang
2. Transition zone dengan diameter (dj.)

Rentangnya bisa beberapa feet.
3. Undisturbed zone:
Punya Resistivitas Air Formasi (Rw), Resistivitas Batuan (Rt), dan Water
Saturation (Sw) .
Resistivity profiles around Borehole
Logs typically measure three
resistivities: shallow, intermediate and
deep corresponding to the three
zones around the borehole.
The graph shows resistivity profiles in

rock filled with saline water

Q KA P1 P2

L
Resistivity profiles around Borehole
The graph shows resistivity profiles in
rock filled with oil (or fresh water).

Q KA P1 P2

L
DRILLING DISTURBS FORMATION
Drilling and rock
crushing
Damage zone
Mud systems and Damaged zone

Mudcake
invasion
Oil Base Mud
Small conductivity mud
Shallow invasion
Thin cake Invading filtrate
Water Base Mud
Moderate to very conductive
mud
Shallow to deep invasion
From J. Jensen, PETE 321 Lecture Notes
Thin to thick cake
Borehole Conditions
Uninvaded zone
Zone of Transition or Annulus
Flushed zone
Bed 1
Sandstone Mud
cake
Bed
thickness
Bed
Boundary
Temperature,
Pressure Drop
Hole
Bed 2 size
Shale
Common Types of Logs
Gamma (GR)
Resistivity (LLD)
Sonic (DT)
Density (RHOB)
Neutron (CNT)
Spontaneous Potential (SP)

Wireline Logging

Gamma Ray Log
Measures the formations natural radioactivity

Passive recording
Gamma ray logs are used for
Shale identification
Horizon marker identification

GR - Gamma-ray Log
Application
Identify lithology
Calculate shale content of a sand body (Vsh )
Correlation purposes
Provide a depth control/reference for other tools
Definition of facies and depositional environment
To replace SP log when it can not be run :
- oil based - mud
- salt water based - mud (no contrast)
- carbonate formation
- large borehole diameter
- cased hole
NGS (Natural Gamma-ray Spectrometry)

Identify clay mineral type
Specific minerals identification:
- uranium ores (uranium potential)
- evaporites (potassium potential)

GR - Gamma-ray Log
Radiation is a process of which energy is propagated through
space or matter as a result of interactions between radioactive
particles and matter. Types of radiation are alpha, beta and
gamma
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation similar in nature to

visible light, radiowaves, and x-rays etc
The energy range of gamma rays is about 0.01 to 10 MeV
Because rocks contain various amount of unstable elements, they

exhibit a certain level of natural radioactivity
Most unstable nuclei are rare in nature. Those of significant

abudance in sedimentary rocks are the Uranium-Radium series,
the Thorium series and Potassium-40

GR - Gamma-ray Log
Vsh calculation
Possible error:
sand line is not clean enough
shale line is not pure shale
clay mineral in sand is not
equivalent to the shale

Resistivity Log
Resistivity values are used

To identify fractures
To calculate hydrocarbon saturation
Log measures the resistivity of the formation water which depends on
Amount of water present
Pore structure
Hydrocarbons are more resistant than water to flow of electric current than
water

RESISTIVITY LOGS
What is the resistivity?

The resistivity (specific resistance) of a substance is
the resistance measured between opposite faces of
a unit cube of that substance.
In abbreviation form, resistivity is:

R = r A/L
where
R is resistivity in ohm-meter
r is resistance in ohms
A is area in square meters
L is length in meters

RESISTIVITY LOGS
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity and is

expressed in mhos per meter
C = 1/R (in mho/m)
or
C = 1000/R (in mmho/m)

RESISTIVITY LOGS
With resistivity logs we can:
determine depth of invasion in the reservoir

estimate water resistivity (Rw)
If combined with other logs such as

density-neutron logs we can:
identify hydrocarbon in the reservoir

calculate water saturation

LOGGING TOOLS
RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
LATEROLOG / INDUCTION
PRINCIPLE
Measurement of electric current emitted by
focused electrodes (very conductive drilling muds)
or by induction coils (moderately conductive to
very resistive drilling muds such as OBM).
Numerous types of devices for resistivity
measurements from the borehole wall to the zone
not affected by drilling (virgin zone).
APPLICATION
Evaluation of Rt / Rxo
RESISTIVITY LOGS
How is resistivity data measured?
By either sending current into the formation and

measuring the ease of electrical flow through it, OR
by inducing an electric current into the formation
and measuring how large it is.
The formation resistivities are usually from 0.2 to

1000 ohm-m
Resistivity more than 1000 ohm-m can be found in
impermeable or very low porosity rocks (e.g. Evaporites)

RESISTIVITY LOGS - Tool
In old days : Conventional Electrical Logs (ES)
It measures the spontaneous potential beside normal

and lateral devices of resistivity

Dual Laterolog
(Deep and Shallow)
Both laterolog devices use:

- the same electrodes
- the same current-beam thickness
- different focus for diff. depth of
investigation

Induction Tool
Basic principle, it is using one transmitter

coil and one receiver coil
A high-frequency alternating current of

constant intensity is sent through a
transmitter coil
The alternating magnetic field created

induced currents in the formation which
flow in circular ground loops coaxial with
the transmitter coil
The ground loop currents are directly

proportional to the formation conductivity

Meter
Generator
B N
M
Spacing O
Normal

RESISTIVITY LOGS
Measurement of resistivity:
To obtain the true resistivity (Rt ) of

the formation is to measure the
relative resistivity of the bed
compared to the resistivities of mud
and surrounding formation
Rmc = Resistivity of mudcake
Rm = Resistivity of mud
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate

RESISTIVITY LOGS
Resistivity Measurement
Currents were passed through the

formation by means of current
electrodes A and B.
Voltages measured between electrodes
M and N provided the resistivity
determinations.

RESISTIVITY LOGS
What kind of information we can get from resistivity?
High resistivity reading indicates:

Impermeable beds such as evaporite sediment
Crystalline carbonate
Coal
or
Fresh water
Hydrocarbon
To detect which one is which we have to combine with other

logs.

RESISTIVITY LOGS - Log
To end this session:
The Real Use of Resistivity logs is to get the

resistivity value (Rt) of the formation.
Rt is used to determine water saturation

Sw.

Manual Petropysis
Density
Neutron
Can ?
Sonic
1. Does the Formation contain Hydrocarbon ?
Rt un invaded zone
Clean ? GR and SP
2. Quantity
Resistivity
3. Recoverable Rxo invaded zone
(1-Sw)
F (Rt,)
This is a schematic representation of the logging measurement used and the

petrophysical parameters determined for answering the basic questions of well site
interpretation (Schlumberger)
Basic Steps for Quick look
Evaluation Gas Bearing Evaluate
Hydrocarbon
Bearing
Reservoir Oil Bearing Evaluate
Water Bearing
Rock
1. Locate reservoir
Non-Reservoir 2. Detected hydrocarbons
3. Distinguish oil and gas
4. Evaluate , Rw, Shc
Schlumberger
Nomenclature:
Borehole:
Rm = Resistivity of mud.
Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.
Flushed Zone:
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate.
RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone.
SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone.
Uninvaded or Virgin Zone:
RT = True resistivity of formation.
RW = Resistivity of formation water.
SW = Formation Water Saturation.
RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed
resistivity.
di = Diameter of invasion.
dh = Borehole diameter.
h = Bed thickness.
Log that showing of permeable zone are :
1. Spontaneous Potential (SP)
2. Gamma Ray (GR)
Log that measured formation resistivity
1. Log Induction
2. Log Lateral
Log that measured formation porosity
1. Log Neutron
2. Log Density
3. Log Sonic
Looking for Productive Zones ?
Log SP or GR for interpreted a permeable zone :
Shale
Shale base line in the right side in GR log showing of shale
(not permeable and not productive).
deflected SP and GR curve to the left showing of Clean Zones

(sand or limestone) that probably productive.
Log-log Resistivitay :
High resistivity showing HC or tight zones or very low porosity/ bad porous zones.
Low resistivity showing of water bearing.
Log-log Porosity
showing of porous zones or non porous zone tight.

Gamma Ray (GR)
dn
f
of
Sa
t
Cu
e
al
Gamma Ray usually use to :
Sh
reference to all logging data
to separated between permeable and non permeable layer
Correlation well to well
Measurement of radioactive mineral such K, Na, Th
the rock with Thorium content, the GR will be higher (Shaly)
GR doesnt correlated with grain size
Coal included as high GR
If the gamma ray line move to the left

(value more lower) the lithology more
porous and permeable or shale free but if
the line move to the right (value more
higher) the lithology more shaley or non
permeable
The GR zone bellow cut off can be consider
as a good reservoir
Self Potential
(SP)
SP log used to:
Differentiate potentially porous and permeable reservoir rocks
from impermeable clays
Define bed boundaries.
Give an indication of shaliness (maximum deflection is clean;
minimum in shale)
Determine water formation resistivity (Rw) in both salt and fresh
water mud's
-1 0 1
Salinity of mud
or water
formation Hydrocarbon
affecting SP oil
suppression due the
present of HC OWC
SP curve go to the SP curve go to the

right due Water left due Water SPILD
formation more formation more
saline than water NOTE : Water formation
fresher than water
more saline than mud
base mud base mud
SP DEFLECTION
In permeable rocks that contain of water, Than
if Rmf > Rw SP curve deflected to the left (SP negatif).
if Rmf < Rw SP curve deflected to the right (SP positif).
SP usually constant, but it will be deflected to another level if
crossing between 2 formation boundary
Figure 4.
Logging Tool
Resistivity Invaded ZoneBorehole
Un invaded Zone Rt
Rxo
a te rolog
L
onse
Rm
R e s p
There are two main techniques for measuring resistivity:
Laterolog : Current is injected into the formation
Induction : Current loops are induced in the formation

Rm
Rxo
Rt se
Res p on
n
I nd uctio
To detected HC its best to take

the data from un invaded zone
Logarithmic Resistivity Scale
0.2 2.0 20
1.0 10
Higher porosity rock has lower resistivity than
lower porosity rock, given the same Sw.
Sand
Body OWC
Increasing resistivity in short distance

or in one sand body can indicated of
OWC or hydrocarbon present.
Differentiation in water if there is no
SB or Fs, it should be gradation, if not
there must be HC or others.
GR Resistivity
Fluid resistivity (measured from log) NOTE :

Saline water : < 1 ohm In some places the value of hydrocarbon are
different
Brackish water : 1-10 ohm
In Kalimantan area resistivity value > 3 ohm for oil
Fresh water : > 10 ohm
In Sumatra area resistivity value > 10 ohm for oil
Hydrocarbon : more higher than water
Archie Equation :
F x Rw Ro SW : Water Saturation
Swn = ---------- = ----- F : Formation resistivity factor

RW : Resistivity of Formation water
Rt Rt Rt : true resistivity of formation
RO : Rock resistivity
if n = 2,
Ro
Sw = --------
Rt
This equation can be use if we already know the zone that contain
Grain packing and sorting
DENSITY LOG
Density of Sand is 2.65, if density of
1.7 2.2 2.7 sandstone less than 2.65 it had pores
Value of density more

than 2.6 indicated of tight
porosity
Value of density less than

The more porous of 2.6 indicated of porous
the rock, the curve rock
more to the left
This area was consider
porous
How to measure porosity from the log ?
The equation P log Carbonate = 2.7

P log Sand = 2.65
ma P log
= P ma = density value of the rock P log Dolomite = 2.87
P ma P Fluid P log shale = 2.3 or 2.4
P log = value of density from log
P fluid = value of fluid inside the rock
Fresh water = 1 NOTE :
Salt water 1.08
DENSITY LOG WILL BE
Oil = 0.6-1 (API) USEFULL IF CALIPER DATA
Gas = 10 50 (H2 Index) SHOWING OF GOOD HOLE
CONDITION
example
P ma 1
P ma 2 HOW MUCH THE
P ma 3 POROSITY OF
P ma 4
THIS SAND ?
P ma 5
P ma 1 + P ma 2 + P ma 3 + P ma 4 + P ma 5 ma P log
P log = =
5 P ma P Fluid
2.65 2.172
2.2 + 2.27 + 2.18 + 2.19 +2.02 =
P log = 2.65 1
5
0.478
P log = 2.172 =
1.65
= 0.28 28 %
Potential TOC &
Maturity
POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCK
TOC VS Depth
Poor Fair Good Very Excelent

Good
Palembang
Telisa
Baturaja
Talang Akar
Total Organic Content shows

Lower fair to good source rock
Talang Akar
potential of Lower TAF
Lemat
interval.
Basement
T-max & Virinite Reflectance
T max Ro
(C) Vitrinite Reflectance %

425 430 435 440 445
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
7600
7600
7800 7800
8000 8000
8200 8200
Oil window @
8130 RKB
Depth feet
Depth
8400 T max 8400 Ro
8600 8600
8800 8800
9000
9000
Immature mature 9200

9200
From Vitrinite reflectance analysis. Mean VR determinations recorded

range from 0.43% Ro (7660-7670ft) showing of early mature for oil
generation. Mean VR at 8130-9100 ft 0.5-0.53% showing of mature state
of Oil generation. Oil window @ 8130 ft RKB
PENGUKURAN TEMPERATUR
Evolusi suhu sebagai fungsi kedalaman

RESISTIVITY OF SOLUTION
Hubungan antara Tahanan ,

Salinitas dan Suhu
ANALISA LOG
EVALUASI FORMASI (OPEN HOLE LOG)
A.ANALISA KWALITATIF
1.Lithologi
2.Lapisan porous dan permeable
3.Fluid Content
B. ANALISA KUANTITATIF
Menentukan parameter-parameter petrofisika batuan :

porositas, saturasi air (Sw), Saturasi hidrokarbon.
Log Headers
LOG HEADER DIPERLUKAN UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN INFORMASI YANG
DIPERLUKAN UNTUK MENGHITUNG
SW
PARAMETER YG DIPEROLEH DARI

LOG HEADER :
Parameter Lumpur
Rmf @ T
Rmc @ T
Rm @ T
Temperatur
Depth
Q KA P1 P2
L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
LUMPUR FRESH MUD

Q KA P1 P2

L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN

Q KA P1 P2

L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
FRESH WATER
MUD

Q KA P1 P2

L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN

Q KA P1 P2

L
GR SP
n b
SP - Spontaneous Potential Log
Introduction
Initially to define shale-non shale (bed-boundary identification)
The magnitude varies due to Rw and shale-content variation
Insensitive for thin bed
In practice the SP electrode can be part of the downhole tool (DIT,DLT, sonic)
At surface there is an SP electrode (fish) which is grounded
Application
Identify permeable zone
Calculate shale content of a sand body (Vsh)
Calculate Formation water resistivity (Rw)
Correlation purposes

LOGGING TOOLS
SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
PRINCIPLE
Measurement of potential difference between a fixed
and a moving electrode. Mainly related to electro-
chemical phenomena which develop when two fluids
with different salinities are in contact (directly or
through a semi-permeable - clays -membrane)
APPLICATION - ONLY CONDUCTIVE MUDS
Detection of porous/permeable layers
Determination of formation water resistivity (Rw)

Principle : LIQUID JUNCTION
Na+ and Cl- ions movement from high to

low concentration
Cl- anion has a greater mobility (smaller
than Na+ cation)
Result: a net positive charge in high
concentration area (e.g. formation water)
The resultant positive charge restricts
further Cl- migration, but a difference in
potential appears at the boundary
Ec1 = K1*log(aw/amf)
K1 : coefficient
aw : activities of formation water
amf : activities of mud-filtrate

Principle : MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
Due to layered structure of the shale and the

charge on the layers, shales are permeable to
Na+ cations but impervious to Cl- anions
Na+ cations move across the shale from the
salty fluid (formation) to the less salty fluid and
resulting electric current forces a potential
across the shale
Ec2 = K2*log(aw/amf)
K1 : coefficient
aw : activities of formation water
amf : activities of mud-filtrate

LOGGING TOOLS: SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
- mV +
- + + -
CLAY
CLAY SAND
+ - EF
-
SHALE BASE LINE

+
SAND BASE LINE

- + + -
+ -
- + - SAND +
+ - -
+ -
Concentrated Diluted Concentrated Diluted ED
NaCl Sol NaCl Sol NaCl Sol NaCl Sol
CLAY
MUD
ELECTRO FILTRATION DIFFUSION
SAND
SP = EF + ED
Principle : measurements


Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log
The SP log measures electric currents flowing in the drilling mud
The current flow depends on the difference between the resistivity of the
formation water (Rw) and that of the mud (Rmud)
The SP log is useful to

Detect the permeable beds
Locate bed boundaries
Determine Rw, formation water resistivity
Give qualitative indications of bed shaliness

Spontaneous potential Resistivity
Depths
millivolts ohms. m2/m
SP Log 20 0.2 1.0 10 100 1000 2000
Sand line
Shale line

FORMATION EVALUATION
DETERMINATION OF SATURATION
What is water saturation?

It is the the filling up of any space available in the rock by
water until it get saturated.
Why it is important?
It is important as to know the exact amount of fluids filling
up this space.
What is its relationship with hydrocarbon?

Hydrocarbons (oil or gas) share the same space with water.
So?
If we know the water saturation, if it is not 100%, the rest
of it could be the hydrocarbon we are chasing for.

Sedimentation and Diagenesis
grains fluid
Grains settle to the bottom of the
sedimentary basin
Increased pressure and

grains are
temperature causes water to be closer
expelled together
some material
Consolidation occurs to form the dissolves and
rock is redeposited
fluid in as cement
pore spaces

Reservoir Rock Properties
Porosity to retain fluid AND
Permeability to allow the fluid to move
unconnected
pore spaces
flow path
Permeability is a dynamic property

that changes during sedimentation
Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, not grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same percentage porosity
Rhombohedral packing Cubic packing

Pore space = 26 % of total volume Pore space = 47 % of total volume

Sandstone Thin Section
Quartz grains bonded by

calcite cement

Hydrocarbon bearing formation

Definition of Porosity
Porosity (fraction of a unit volume occupied by the pores

V fluid
Pores
V total
Matrix

Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore volume occupied by a given

fluid
saturation
V specific fluid
V pore space
Definitions
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg

Saturation
Amount of water per unit volume = Sw
Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume = (1 - Sw)
(1-Sw)
Hydrocarbon
Sw Water
Matrix

Water saturation - Sw
Fraction of the pore volume occupied by formation water
Hence:
Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) :
Sh = (1 Sw)
Rock volume (1-)

Unit volume
Hydrocarbon volume (*(1-Sw))
Water volume (*Sw)

Archies Law (1942)

Based on laboratory measurements of , k, Rt on cores from
Gulf Coast. Cores were saturated with salt-water (brines) at
different salinities. He found that there are:
1. a constant relationship between the resistivity of the rock (R o)

and that of the resistivity of water its contains (Rw) :
Ro1/Rw1 = Ro2/Rw2 = Ro3/Rw3 .= Ron/Rwn = F
2. a constant relationship between formation factor (F) and

porosity ( ) :
F = a/ m
where a is the intercept and m is the (negative) slope

Archies Law (1942) contd

Then on partially saturated hydrocarbon cores, Archie also
found :
3. a constant relationship between the resistivity of the rock

saturated with water (Ro) and that of the resistivity of rock
partially saturated with hydrocarbon (Rt) :
Rt > Ro ===> hydrocarbon
Rt = I . R o
Rt = Ro ===> water
4. Where I is proportional to water saturation :
I = 1 / Swn
where n is the saturation exponent.

Archies Law (1942) contd

Combining all those relationships, then :
saturation exponent intercept
a . Rw a . Rw
Rt = or Swn =
m.Swn m. Rt
cementation factor
- In a clean formation with homogeneous intergranular porosity

- Not valid in fractures or vugs (secondary) porosities
- Empirical-derived formula based on Gulf coast cores.

Archies Equation
Empirical constant
a Rw
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
formation water,
Sw n
-m

Water m
m Cementation
Rt
exponent
saturation,
(usually near 2)
fraction Saturation
exponent
(also usually Resistivity of
near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, -m

Identify the fluid contact within reservoir!

Shaly Sand Reservoir - Shales indicators

Evaluasi Gross Rock Volume
Spill Point
H gas
H oil
Rock Volume = Surface (km2) * H gas or H oil (m) * Geometrical factor

Method Standard GRV: New Surface/ Depth graph (lebih akurat)
Surface Depth Graph shows :
Volume of one layer including oil and / or gas fill
P95 Mode and P05 contacts

Resources = GRV * N/G * * Shc * FVF * RF
In Place volumes or Accumulations (OIP / GIP)
GRV = Gross Rock Volume (saturated with HC)
N/G = Net reservoir proportion within the GRV
= Porosity (average for the Net reservoir vol. saturated with HC)
Shc = HC saturation (proportion of the occupied by oil or gas

average for the Net reservoir vol.)
FVF = Formation Volume Factor (ratio of HC vol. at atmospheric

conditions vs Reservoir conditions)
RF = Recovery Factor (proportion of the HC vol. contained in the

reservoir that can be produced based on Mode development scenario)
Probabilistic multiplication of independant parameters

Oil Resources : order of magnitude
Associated Gas:
Oil : 2 Mb
(0,3 Mm3) 30 Mm3
(GOR = 100)
RF = 0.3
0,8 Mm3
1,3 Mm 3
1,75 Mm3
GRV: 10 Mm3 7 Mm3 FVF = 1/Bo = 0.75

(1 km x 1 km x 10 m) So = 0.75
PHI = 0.25
N/G = 0.7

Gas Resources (simplified)
including
0,24 Mb ( 0,04 Mm3 )
Wet Gas 0,25 Gm 3
Condensate
(8,7 bcf) CGR = 300 g/m3
(GCR = 2600 m3/m3 )
RF = 0.4
RF Gas = 0.75
Free Gas : 328 Mm3
1,75 Mm3 1,3 Mm3

GRV: 10 Mm3 7 Mm3
(1 km x 1 km x 10 m) FVF = 1/Bg = 250
Sg = 0.75
PHI = 0.25
N/G = 0.7

Wireline Logging
Depth Measurement
Employes logging cable and
calibrated wheels (1
rotation equal 1 feet)
Two wheels are used for
correction
It is compared to drilling
depth

Logging While Drilling
Azimuthal resistivity
(depth of investigation Gamma ray Transmitter for
12 in. or less) detector wireless telemetry
Measurement and measurement
antenna of current
3/4 fixed Surface-adjustable

bent housing Motor
Stabilizer bent housing
and bearings Inclination RPM
gravity toolface

Increasing Increasing Increasing
radioactivity resistivity porosity
Shale
Oil sand
Shale
Gamma Resisitivity Porosity

ray

Coring Assembly and Core Bit
Drill collar
connection
PDC Cutters
Thrust bearing
Outer barrel
Inner barrel
Fluid
vent
Core retaining
ring
Core bit
Whole Core
(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sandstone, Venezuela)

Whole Core
(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sandstone, Venezuela)

Sidewall Sampling Gun
Core bullets
Formation rock
Core sample

Sidewall Coring Tool
Coring bit
Samples

GR - Gamma-ray Log
With the vertical resolution of 1

feet and 2 seconds of reading
time, maximum logging speed
is:
= 1 ft/2 sec
= 30 ft/min
= 1800 ft/h
Optimum logging speed is

900 ft/hr

Compressional Rayleigh
waves waves Mud waves
E3
E1
T0 E2
50
sec

Reservoir Properties

Conditions for Commercial Oil Accumulation
There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas
The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum
There must be a reservoir to contain the expelled hydrocarbons. The

reservoir must have porosity and permeability.

Conditions for Commercial Oil Accumulation
(contd)
The reservoir must be sealed by an impermeable cap rock to prevent the

upward escape of petroleum to the earths surface.
Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such a way as to trap the
petroleum.

The Reservoir
A reservoir is a porous rock which contains fluids
The reservoir has porosity and permeability
Gas
Oil
Cap rock
Water
Reservoir
Source Migrating hydrocarbons

Reservoir Pressure
Overburden pressure is caused by the pressure of rock. Transmitted by grain

to grain contact. Average = 1 psi/ft.
Fluid pressure is caused by weight of column of fluids in the pore spaces.

Average = 0.465 psi/ft (saline water).

Overpressured Reservoirs
Sands and clays are commonly interbedded.
As the sediments are buried, the clays compact and lose porosity.
Normally, excess fluids from the pores move into the sands and escape to the
surface.
In some situations, however, the fluids cannot escape, and the reservoir
becomes overpressured.
A reservoir is considered to be overpressured if its pressure gradient is

greater than about 0.465 psi/ft.

Summary
Petroleum Geology
In this section, we have discussed:
The basic elements of plate tectonics, the rock cycle, geologic time, and
biostratigraphy
Major rock types
Basic sedimentary environments
The origin of petroleum
Structural, stratigraphic, and non-conventional traps
Important reservoir properties, e.g., porosity and permeability

Example Log Suite
Sonic Density Acoustic Caliper Gamma Resistivity Neutron

Impedance * Porosity
s/ft g/cc s/ft.g/cc in API m pu
Depth

WIRELINE LOGGING - SUMMARY SKETCH
E
A BL LOG TYPE LOG TYPE
C
L
BR ID 1 2
OL G
E
O
T ADRID
HCE
T
AR
x
E
00
)
x
(s
N DE 10
SO
x
20
x
30

Summary
Well samples - mud logging
Cores - whole and sidewall
Well logs
Drill stem tests
Subsurface mapping

Wireline Logging - Program
Tool limitations:
Tool with electrodes (normal, inverse, lateral, laterolog,
spherically focused log, micro-log, micro-laterolog, proximity
log, dipmeters: SHDT, FMS, FMI) CAN NOT be used in oil
base mud.
An acoustic tool does not give accurate measurements in a

hole with large diameter or a hole filled with air or foam mud
Litho-density tool (LDT) is greatly affected by baritic mud.

Barite will also influence NGS measurements
A mud with potash (KCl) will influence the GR measurement

or the proportion of potassium in formations.

NEUTRON LOG
NEUTRON LOG
Neutron tool terdiri dari chemical
atau electronic high energy
neutron emitter dan neutron
detektor.
High energy neutron turun ke

thermal energy level melalui
elastic scattering yang terutama
disebabkan oleh tumbukan
dengan atom hidrogen dalam
formasi yang terdapat dalam
matrik dan fluid.
Sebagian thermal neutron akan

terabsorbsi dalam atom formasi
sedangkan sebagian akan
mencapai detektor.
Dengan mengukur thermal
neutron yang sampai pada
formasi dapt ditentukan jumlah
NEUTRON LOG ; NEUTRON TOOL
NEUTRON LOG
Figure 8. Figure 9.
NEUTRON LOG
Figure 3.
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY MERUPAKAN SALAH SATU DATA YANG PENTING

DALAM EVALUASI FORMASI
DENSITY MERUPAKAN INDIKATOR UTAMA POROSITAS
KOMBINASI DGN TOOL LAIN DAPAT DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI

INDIKATOR
LITOLOGI DAN TIPE KANDUNGAN FLUIDA

DENSITY LOG
CONVENTIONAL COMPENSATED DENSITY

LOG
RANGE SKALA YGN DIGUNAKAN 2 3

gr/cc
KOREKSI KURVA (DRHO)
GAMMA RAY DAN CALIPER
Figure 1.
DENSITY LOG ; GAMMA RAY INTERACTION
DENSITY LOG
Tool dgn chemical gamma ray

source (662KeV) dan gmma ray
detektor yg ditempatkan di
depan formasi
Gamma ray dipancarkan dari
source kedalam formasi dan
gamma ray scatter yg balik
diukur uleh detektor
DENSITY LOG
Scatter gamma ray dideteksi oleh scintillation detektor dan dikonversi

menjadi gamma ray kedalam bentuk electric signal. Besarnya signal
elektric adalah proporsional dgn energy gamma ray yg terdeteksi
DENSITY LOG
Electrical pulse adalah analisa dan konversi gamma ray count rate vs
energinya.
Jumlah gamma ray untuk tiap region yg diperoleh dari formasi

A berhubungan dgn jumlah photoelectric absorption
B berhubungan dgn compton scattering
DENSITY LOG ; TOOL
FDC Tool merupakan generasi tool yg paling tua yg tidak menggunakan

spectrum analyzer yg hanya mengandalkan total gamma ray coun dari
density yg diukur
LDT dan TLD adalah tool yg menggunakan spectrum analyzer untuk

menentukan energy gamma ray yang dideteksi untuk menghitung PEF
DENSITY LOG
Tool dapat digunakan sendiri

atau dikombinasikan dgn tool
lain seperti compensated
neutron tool
Formation density skid device
membawa gamma ray source dan
2 detector short spacing dan
long spacing.
Skid device harus menempel

pada dinding lubang bor untuk
pengukuran yg akurat
Source secara kontinu

memancarkan gamma ray
melewati mud cake dan masuk
kedalam formasi
Figure 2. Kehilangan energi akan terjadi
sampai secara keseluruhan
terabsorpsi atau kembali ke
DENSITY LOG ; TEKNIK INTERPRETASI
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY LOG
DENSITY LOG
Sonic Log
Measures the acoustic properties of P, S and surface waves
The tool transmits an acoustic signal and measures how long it takes to
travel through the formation
Sonic values are used:

As a porosity indicator
To identify lithology
To create the acoustic impedance log
To correlate with the borehole and surface seismic data
For fracture identification

Upper
transmitter
R1
R2
R3
R4
Lower
transmitter

Sonic Log - Principle
The simplest of sonic

tool consists
of a transmitter that
emits a sound
pulse and receivers
that record the
pulse when it passes
the receiver.

Sonic Log
The sonic log is a recording time t versus depth of

a sound wave to traverse 1 foot of formation.
Known as the interval transit time or transit time or t

or slowness.
It is the reciprocal of the velocity of the sound wave.
The interval transit time for a given formation depends

upon its lithology and porosity.
Therefore, if the lithology is known, its porosity can
be determined.

LOGGING TOOLS
ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
SONIC TOOL (S)
PRINCIPLE
Measurement of the propagation time of an
acoustic wave propagating through the formation
between a transmitter and a receiver. It is related to
formation characteristics including their porosity.
Actually several waves types can be measured
(compressional, shear, Stoneley, etc.)
APPLICATION
Evaluation of Sonic-derived porosity (Phi-D)

LOGGING TOOLS: ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
BHC: MEASUREMENT OF P WAVE ONLY
AS: FULL WAVE TRAIN (DERIVED P, S and STONELEY, AMPLI
DSI: FULL WAVE TRAIN + ANISOTROPY
MEASUREMENT INFLUENCED BY:

- HOLE CONDITIONS (Tool centralization, large cavings)
- BHC CYCLE SKIPPING (Delta T[P WAVE] obtained by a threshold detection

method)
- FORMATION MATRIX, CLAY, HYDROGEN, CHLORIDES

LITHOLOGY Vma (ft/sec) Dtma (*sec/ft) Std DTma
SANDSTONES 18,000 - 19,500 55.5 - 55.0 55.5 or 51.0
LIMESTONES 21,000 - 23,000 47.6 - 43.5 47.5
DOLOMITES 23,000 43.5 43.5
ANHYDRITE 20,000 50.0 50.0
SALT (NaCl) 15,000 66.7 67.0
IRON (Casing) 17,500 57.0 57.0

LOGGING TOOLS: ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
MUD DELTA T
Measurement Section
Upper Transmitter
Eight Dynamic Range
Receiver Array
Receiver 1
Eight Wideband
Receiver 2 Ceramic Receivers
Receiver 3
Receiver 4
Isolation
Joint
Lower Transmitter Two Ceramic Transmitters

Monopole Transm
Upper Dipole Transm
Two Ceramic Transmitters Upper Dipole Transm
Transmitter Section
BHC ARRAY SONIC DSI

Sonic Log
Sonic velocities in common formation lithologies
range from about 6000 to 23,000 ft/sec
In industry the reciprocal of velocity, t, is recorded

in microseconds per foot (s/ft)
The following table shows the vma and delta tma of
different rocks and casing material (iron):

Sonic Log
Porosity - DT relationship (Wyllie)
Travel time (TT)=TTfluid + TTmatrix
Fluid

if distance = V * t, then t = Dist/V:
1 unit
Vf
Matrix
1/Vbulk = /Vf + (1- )/Vma 1-
tlog = tf + (1- ) tma Vma
tlog tma) / (tf tma)

tf = 189 s/ft
Assumption:
t is only influenced by rock matrix and fluid properties
It is true in clean, compacted and consolidated rocks
In uncompacted rocks (t(shale)>100s/ft), it yields too
optimistic porosity
Sonic Log
Porosity - DT relationship
(Raymer-Hunt)
Empirical formula:
t = {[(1- tma] + (tf)} -1
Used tma :
Wyllie Raymer-Hunt
sandstone 55.5 56
limestone 47.5 49
dolomite 43.5 44
fluid 189 189

POROSITY LOGS
Rock porosity can be obtained from:
Sonic log
Density log
Neutron log
All these tools response is affected by the formation

porosity, fluid and matrix.
If fluid and matrix can be determined then porosity

data can also be obtained.

Density Log - Principle
A radioactive source applied to

the borehole, emits gamma
rays into the formations
These gamma rays collide with

the electrons in the formations
At each collision gamma ray loses

some energy to the electrons,
known as Compton scattering
The scattered gamma rays

reaching the detector are counted
as an indication of formation
density

LOGGING TOOLS
NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS
DENSITY TOOL
PRINCIPLE
Emission of high energy Gamma Rays from a
radioactive source included in the sonde. Several
interactions with formations with three effects (e+/e-
Pair, Compton and Photoelectric Effects) which are
related to the electronic density from which the
true density is derived.
APPLICATION
Evaluation of Density-derived porosity (Phi-D)
Characterization of formation lithology (Pef)
Electron Density and Bulk Density
The density log responds to the electron density of

the formations.
For a substance consisting of a single element, the

electron density (e) is related to the bulk density
(b) as follows;
2Z
e = b -------
A
Where, b = actual bulk density
Z = the atomic number
A = the atomic weight
Density Log
Measures the bulk density of the formation
Tool counts gamma ray interactions with electrons in the formation
Electron density directly related to bulk density
Bulk density values used to

Identify lithology
Create the acoustic impedance log
Identify gas
Calculate porosity

Mud cake
( mc + hmc)
Formation ( b)
Long spacing
detector
Short spacing
detector
Source

Density Log - Tool
It uses a shielded skid mounted source
and detectors. Two detectors are used
for mud cake correction.
The openings of the shields are applied

against the wall of the borehole by an
eccentering arm.
The force exerted allow it to cut

through soft mudcakes.
It requires the regularities of the

borehole.
In irregular borehole (caved, rugos) a
correction towards the reading is
necessary.

Caliper
Depths
Hole diam. in inches -.25 0 +.25
6 16
Correction
Grams/CC
Gamma ray Bulk Density
API units Grams/CC
0 10 2.0 2.5 3.0
Mud Wt. 10 lb/gal

Porosity - Density relationship b
Total mass =Fluid mass + Matrix mass

Fluid

1* b = ( * f ) + (1- )* ma f
Matrix
ma b) / ( ma f) 1-
ma
Used ma
sandstone 2.65
limestone 2.71
dolomite 2.87
anhydrite 2.98
Note:
Better model than sonic porosity
Possible error due to non-homogenous matrix compositions,
e.g. Sst is not purely silica or Lst is not purely carbonate

Neutron Log
Fast neutrons are fired at the formation and lose energy by colliding with hydrogen
atoms as they are similar in size
The tool measures the Hydrogen Index (HI) of the fluid
Hydrogen Index = quantity of hydrogen per unit volume

HI (water) = 1
HI (oil) < 1
HI (gas) << 1
The neutron log is used for

Porosity calculation
Lithology identification with bulk density log

LOGGING TOOLS
NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS
NATURAL GAMMA RAY
PRINCIPLE
Measurement of the natural radioactivity of drilled formation through
detection of High Energy G.Rays Expressed in API (1g Ra eq. /Ton = 16.5 API)
Related to Potassium + Thorium + Uranium
APPLICATIONS
Correlations (Open vs Cased Hole, Well to Well)
Evaluation of the Shale Content (Vsh)

Neutron Log - Principle
Neutron are neutral particles having a mass almost identical to the
mass of a hydrogen atom.
High energy (fast) neutrons are continuously emitted from a
radioactive source in the sonde. These neutrons collide with nuclei
of the formation material, including hydrogen atoms.
At each collision the neutron loses some of its energy. The amount
of energy lost depends on the relative mass of the nucleus with which
the neutron collides. It loses more if it collides with hydrogen nucleus
since this last one has practically the same mass.
Therefore, if hydrogen concentration is large, most of the neutrons are

slowed and captured within a short distance of the source. On the contr-
ary, if the hydrogen concentration is small, the neutrons travel farther
from the source.
The neutron log is the counting of the rate of hydrogen concentration
change.
Neutron Log - Tool
The compensated neutron tool is

normally dual spacing, thermal neutron-
detection instrument.
The ratio of counting rates from the two

detectors produce neutron porosity index.

NUCLEAR LOGGING TOOLS: NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY

- STATISTICAL VARIATIONS
- FORMATION DENSITY (Higher density => lower radioactivity)
- LOGGING SPEED / SONDE TYPE (Centered / Excentered)
- HOLE CONDITIONS (size) / MUD TYPE & DENSITY
- BED THICKNESS (+/- 2 m)
TRUE TRUE
RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY
Contribution to
the GR signal
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT
SPHEROID SPHEROID
HOLE AXIS
RADIOACTIVE RADIOACTIVE
BED BED
0.1m 0.3m 0.5m
RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION
THIN BED THICK BED

CASE CASE

NUCLEAR LOGGING TOOLS: DENSITY TOOL
- STATISTICAL VARIATIONS (such as all other nuclear devices)
- LOGGING SPEED
- HOLE CONDITIONS (Delta Rho - SSD / Back Scatter used for corrections)
- FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS, PRESSURE, FLUID CONTENT
Region of
Mud Cake
(Rhomc, Hmc) Photoelectric effect
(r and Z information)
Formation LDT / PEX

(Rho b)
Low Z FDC
Cps / keV
Med Z Region of
Long Spaced Det. High Z Compton
Scattering
(r information only)
Short Spaced Det.
Source Energy
Baryte
662 k eV
Source
E (keV)

LOGGING TOOLS
NUCLEAR
MEASUREMENTS
NEUTRON TOOL
PRINCIPLE
Emission of high energy neutrons from a radioactive
source, which collide with nuclei of the formations.
With each collision, neutrons loose part of their
energy and are then captured with emission of a
gamma ray, measured on several detectors.
Maximum loss of energy is related to the presence of
free hydrogen indexes.
APPLICATION
Evaluation of Neutron-derived porosity (Phi-N)
NUCLEAR LOGGING TOOLS: NEUTRON
TOOLS
- STATISTICAL VARIATIONS (such as all other nuclear devices)
- LOGGING SPEED AND HOLE CONDITIONS (Diameter, Salinity, etc.)
- FORMATION MATRIX, CLAY, HYDROGEN, CHLORIDES
Mud Cake
(Rhomc, Hmc)
SNP Long Spaced

Epithermal
Neutrons
Single Detector
Detector Short Spaced
CNL
Thermal
Source Neutron Source
Dual Detector
(Compensated)
SNP TOOL CNL TOOL

NUCLEAR TOOLS: NEUTRON / DENSITY
OUTPUT RESULTS & DISPLAY
COUNTS FROM BOTH DENSITY & NEUTRON TOOLS ARE CALIBRATED
AGAINST A SERIES OF REFERENCE ARTIFICIALWATER FILLED
CARBONATED LABORATORY FORMATIONS (POROSITIES ARE KNOWN
WITHIN +/- 0.5 p.u. - DENSITIES ARE KNOWN WITHIN 0.01 g/cm3)
THEN, BOTH TOOLS ARE CALIBRATED AT THE LOCAL SERVICE Cy SHOP

USING CALIBRATED ALUMINIUM AND SULPHUR BLOCKS (Density) AND
WATER-FILLED CALIBRATED TANK (Neutron). MUD-CAKE EFFECTS ARE
SIMULATED IN ORDER TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT (DENSITY Rhob)
THE END RESULTS ARE DENSITY VALUES EXPRESSED IN g/cm3 AND

NEUTRON VALUES EXPRESSED IN % (p.u.).
LOGS ARE DISPLAYED MOST OFTEN IN LIMESTONE SCALE SUCH AS
- 2.71 g/cm3 (DENSITY) corresponds to 0 p.u. (NEUTRON)
- 1.00 g/cm3 (DENSITY) corresponds to 100 p.u. (NEUTRON)

Neutron Log - Tool
The advanced neutron tool of Schlumberger is

named DNL tool.
It uses two epithermal neutron detectors

beside the two thermal neutron detectors. Two
separate porosity measurements are obtained
from each pair of detectors.
The use of epithermal neutron is to improve

the response to gas and to enhance interpretation
in thermal neutron absorbers.

Neutron Log
Neutron porosity readings are computed and

recorded directly on the log in linear porosity
units for a particular matrix lithology.
The necessary correction for mud weight,

salinity, temperature hole size variations are
automatically made in advance neutron logs
recording like CNL.
The vertical resolution is 2ft. The radial

investigation depends on the porosity of
the formation. Roughly, at zero porosity
the depth of investigation is about 1ft and
less in higher porosity.

Neutron Log - Separation NPHI/Rhob
Gas or light hydrocarbons

cause the apparent porosity
from density log to increase
(bulk density decrease) and
porosity from neutron to
decrease.
It makes the density neutron

logs separation over gas
reservoir quite specific.

High Resolution LDL/CNL logs

SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
APLIKASI SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
PENENTUAN POROSITAS
Sonic tool hanya mengukur porositas primer
Porositas sekunder Vug atau fracture tidak terdeteksi oleh sonic
Willy membuat hubungan antara porositas dan interval transit time untuk clean
consolidated formasi dgn pori yang kecil dan uniform/seragam
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
Persamaan Wyllie memberikan hasil perhitungan yg terlalu tinggi untuk

unconsolidated dan under-compacted sand pada formasi yg secara
geology relatif muda
Adjacent shale mungkin memiliki slownnes > 100 s/ft

SONIC LOG
Persamaan Wylli dimana pada porositas yg tinggi meskipun sudah

digunakan faktor kompaksi ternyata masih memberikan permasalahan
Persamaan Raymer-Hunt disusun untuk mengoreksi kekurangan tersebut

NEUTRON DENSITY APLIKASI
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
ANALISA LOG
EVALUASI FORMASI (OPEN HOLE LOG)
A. ANALISA KWALITATIF
1. Lithologi
2. Lapisan porous dan permeable
3. Fluid Content
B. ANALISA KUANTITATIF
Menentukan parameter-parameter petrofisika batuan : porositas, saturasi air (Sw), Saturasi hidrokarbon.
Log Headers
LOG HEADER DIPERLUKAN UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN INFORMASI YANG
DIPERLUKAN UNTUK MENGHITUNG
SW
PARAMETER YG DIPEROLEH DARI

LOG HEADER :
Parameter Lumpur
Rmf @ T
Rmc @ T
Rm @ T
KA P1 P2 Temperatur
Q
L Depth
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR FRESH MUD
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical
Resistivity Logs
FRESH WATER
MUD
KA P1 P2
Q
L
Typical Resistivity
Logs
LUMPUR AIR ASIN
KA P1 P2
Q
L
DETAIL ANALISA LOG ; KOMPLEK LITHOLOGY
QUICKLOOK EVALUATION
WORK FLOW
WORK FLOW
REVIEW LOG
Review Kualitas log : chek header, depth,
skala, kalibarsi
Evaluasi mud log terutama pada interval

batuan reservoir, hydrocarbon show, mud
gain
Evaluasi data log sumur-sumur sekitarnya

untuk mengidentifikasikan adanya anomali
data
PROSES INTERPRETASI
Identifikasi interval reservoir yang potensial : bedakan reservoir yang non permeable, Porous non reservoir
dan porous reservoir potensial
Perkirakan ketebalan reservoir yang potensial.
Tentukan lithology (rock type) pada reservoir yang potensial.
Hitung porositas ().
Tentukan resistivity formation water (Rw).
Hitung water saturation (Sw, Sxo) menggunakan resistivity (Rt, Rxo).
Perkirakan in-place and movable hydrocarbon.

IDENTIFIKASI BATUAN RESERVOIR
IDENTIFIKASI ZONE HIDROKARBON
PERSAMAAN ARCHIES :
Rt meningkat jika air diganti dgn minyak pada porositas dan litologi yg
sama
Prinsip dasar tsb digunakan untuk membedakan oil dan water zone
dalam reservoir / interval reservoi
Pada kondisi litologi dan Sw konstan :

Rt akan meningkat jika porositas turun (density naik)
Rt akan turun jika porositas naik (density turun)
INDIKASI WATER BEARING
ZONE :
Resistivity yg rendah
RHOB & NPHI berimpit atau
dgn separasi yg kecil
HYDROKARBON BEARING
ZONE
Harga resistivity yg cukup
tinggi kecuali pada kasus
low resistivity
Ditunjukkan dgn adanya
anti-correlation antara dgn
density dan resistivity log
Adanya separasi antara
density neutron yg cukup
besar.
MEMBEDAKAN ZONE GAS, OIL DAN WATER
MEMBEDAKAN GAS, OIL & WATER
MEMBEDAKAN GAS,
MINYAK DAN AIR
Gas yg ada dalam formasi
menyebabkan apparent
porosity dari density log
naik/meningkat dan
porositas dari neutron log
turun, sehingga akan
menyebabkan separasi yg
besar antara density-neutron
log.
Adanya minyak dalam

formasi juga menyebabkan
terjadinya separasi antara
density-neutron log
meskipun tdk besar
Air dalam formasi

menyebabkan separasi
MEMBEDAKAN GAS, OIL & WATER
Setelah
hidrokarbon
bearing zone
dalam reservoir
diidentifikasikan,
selanjutnya perlu
dibedakan antara
zone gas, minyak
dan air
Zone dgn separasi

density-neutron
log yg tinggi
mengindikasikan
zone gas
Separasi yg lebih
kecil/rendah
mengindikasikan
zone minyak
PENENTUAN POROSITAS
POROSITAS
METODE PERHITUNGAN POROSITAS :

Density log
Neutron Log
Density-Neutron Log ; Memberikan pendekatan yg lebih bagus
POROSITAS
PENENTUAN RW
ARCHIE LAW
LIHAT HAL 273-278

POROSITAS
RESISTIVITY
& RESISTIVITY
WATER WATER
METODE PENENTUAN RW
SP (RW FROM SP)
Rwa (CLEAN SAND WATER BEARING ZONE)
Rwa SP PLOT
RATIO Rxo/Rt
SAMPEL AIR FORMASI (LAB)
RW KATALOG
CROSS PLOT
1/Rt Vs n
1/Rt Vs d
1/Rt Vs dt
RW DAPAT DIPEROLEH DARI ZONE AIR YANG

BERDEKATAN DENGAN:
MEMILIKI LITOLOGI YG SAMA/MIRIP
ZONE DGN HARGA RW YG SAMA
POROSITAS YG SAMA
RW FROM SP
LIHAT HAL 337-341

RESISTIVITY WATER ; CLEAN FORMATION (RWA METHODE)
Untuk
menghitung Sw
diperlukan harga
Rw.
Rw dapat
diperoleh dari log
pada zone clean
water bearing
Baca harga
resistivity deep
tool sehingga
diperoleh harga
Ro
Dgn
menggunakan
persamaan
Archies untuk
RESISTIVITY WATER ; RWA SP PLOT
Pada kedalaman yg dangkal

(shallow depth) Rw dapat
berubah dgn cepat sehingga
penentuan Rw dari SP sangat
sulit dan tidak pasti
Plot dalam Rwa (Archies)

pada skala logaritmic dan SP
pada skala linear pada zone
dimana salinity berubah dgn
cepat
Rw line merupakan Rw yg
ditentukan dari Rw From SP
Metode ini juga berguna untuk

mengindikasikan HC bearing
zone
RESISTIVITY WATER ; RW DARI RXO & RT OVERLAY
Kombinasi persamaan Archies untuk Sw dan Sxo :
Pada zone air harga Sw=Sxo=100% maka :
Rxo/Rt = Rmf/Rw
Dimana :
Sw=Sxo=100 %
Dgn menghitung Rxo/Rt untuk seluruh interval clean, invaded sand dapat
ditentukan harga Rmf/Rw
Rmf dapat diperoleh dari log heading , Rxo dari kurva Rshallow, & Rt dari Kurva
Rdeep
Solusi quick look

Overlay antara kurva Rt dan Rxo log pada scala logaritmik
Gunakan Penggaris Resistivity exponent 1 untuk menentukan harga Rxo/Rt
Tentukan harga Rmf dari heading log
Hitung Harga Rw
Maksimum harga Rxo/Rt adalag equivalent dgn Rw
Log Rxo : MSFL, Proximity dll)
RESISTIVITY WATER ; RW DARI RXO & RT
Pickett & Hingle Crossplots
POROSITAS & RESISTIVITY WATER
Makro diperoleh Ro dan dari mikro didapat Rxo.

Jika diketahui, berarti Rw, a dan m didapat.
CATATAN : tahanan listrik batuan hanya sensitif terhadap porositas yang

saling berhubungan ( connected).
METODE CROSS PLOT HINGLE ; RESITIVITY POROSITY CROSS PLOT
PERSAMAAN ARCHIES
JIKA DIASSUMSIKAN m & n = 2 DAN A = 1 (KASUS BATUAN CARBONATE)
UNTUK HARGA Rw YANG KONSTAN MAKA Sw PROPORSIONAL TERHADAP :
SELANJUTNYA PERSAMAAN DAPAT DISUSUN KEMBALI SEHINGGA

DIPEROLEH :
UNTUK HARGA Sw 100 % ; Sw = 1 DAN Rt = Ro

JIKA Ro UNTUK FORMASI YANG DISATURASI OLEH 100 % AIR DIPLOT PADA
INVERSE SQUARE ROOT SCALE Vs MAKA SELURUH POINT AKAN JATUH
PADA SATU GARIS LURUS YG SAMA DGN :
TITIK-TITIK YG BERHUBUNGAN DGN SEMUA HARGA Sw YG KONSTAN AKAN

JATUH PADA GARIS LURUS DGN KOEFISIEN GARIS ADALAH (Rw/Sw) YG
KONSTAN UNTUK HARGA Rw DAN Sw YG KONSTAN
Plot Porosity pada skala linear dan Rdeep
pada skala logaritmic
Assumsikan point Sw = 100 %
Tarik garis Sw = 1 dari pivot point =0 dan

Rt melalui titik2 pada harga Sw 100 %
Slope garis tsb mendifinisikan Rw
Ambil harga = 10 % tarik garis sampai

memotong garis sw 100 % diperoleh harga
Rt=Ro = 6.5 ohm-m
F=1/2 = 1/0.1^2 = 100

Rw=Ro/F = 6.5/100 = 0.065 ohm-m
Untuk harga Sw yg lain :

Rt=Ro/Sw2
Untuk harga Sw = 50 %
Rt=26
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
Gunakan harga =10 % (harga yg digunakan

untuk menentukan Rw) maka :
Rt=4 x 6.5 = 26 ohm-m
Plot point ,Rt=10%, 26 ohm-m

Tarik garis dari pivot point = 0 dan Rt
METODE CROSS PLOT HINGLE ; SONIC - INDUCTION CROSS PLOT
SONIC INDUCTION CROSS PLOT
Plot t Vs resistivity untuk beberapa level

kedalaman dan tentukan garis Sw 100 % (air)
Perpotongan dengan dengan absis t pada

harga resistivity mendifinisikan harga tma
(47.5 s/ft)
Ambil harga = 10 % tarik garis sampai

memotong garis Sw 100 %
Tarik garis kekanan sehingga diperoleh harga

Rt=Ro=5 ohm-m
F=1/2 = 1/0.1^2 = 100

Rw=Ro/F = 5/100 = 0.05 ohm-m

Rt=Ro/Sw2
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
Gunakan harga =10 % (harga yg
digunakan untuk menentukan Rw) maka :
Rt=4 x 5 = 20 ohm-m
Plot point ,Rt=10%, 20 ohm-m
Tarik garis melalui pivot point Rt = ~,

METODE CROSS PLOT HINGLE ; MicroSFL - POROSITY CROSS PLOT
MICRORESISTIVITY (Rxo) POROSITY
CROSS PLOT
Plot dibuat menggunakan MicroSFL (Rxo) dan

deep induction Vs porositas dari neutron-
density cross plot (atau sonic porosity)
Plot porositas Vs resistivity (MicroSFL dan

Deep Induction) untuk beberapa level
kedalaman yg sama
Tentukan garis Sxo = 1 (100 % mud filtrat)

Slope plot tersebut berhubungan dgn Rmf
Tentukan garis Sw = 1 (100 % water)

Slope plot tersebut berhubungan dgn Rw
Plot dari 2 macam log memberikan 2 trend

garis yg berhubungan dgn Sw = 1 dan Sxo = 1
Lihat point 2, 9 dan 10 (Rdeep) berada dibawah

Garis Sw = 100 % sedangkan point plot
Rshallow berada pada garis Sxo = 100 %
menunjukkan adanya deep invasion
Point 4 dan 7 Rdeep berada pada garis

Sw=100% sedangkan point plot Rshallow
berada diatas garis Sxo=100 % menunjukkan
shallow Invasion
PENENTUAN SW
SATURASI AIR (SW) ; QUICK LOOK
METODE QUICK LOOK

CEPAT DAN MUDAH DILAKUKAN
COCOK UNTUK APLIKASI LAPANGAN
DAPAT DIGUNAKAN UNTUK QUALITY CONTROL
MEMBERIKAN HARGA SW YG RELATIF KASAR
KONDISI
CLEAN FORMATION
LUBANG SUMUR YG BAGUS
KONSTAN RW
SIMPLE LITOLOGI
SATURASI AIR (SW)
METODE PENENTUAN WATER SATURATION (SW)
ARCHIES FORMULA
SW RATIO/RESISTIVITY RATIO METHODE
CROSS PLOT METODE
HINGLE RESISTIVITY POROSITY CROSS PLOT
PICKET PLOT
PERBANDINGAN RWA
LOGARITMIC OVERLAY METODE
LOG F LOG RESISTIVITY DEEP
RO OVERLAY & F OVERLAY
RXO/RT OVERLAY
SATURASI AIR ARCHIES(SWA) ; CLEAN FORMATION
Harga saturasi pada hidrokarbon bearing clean zone dapat

ditentukan dari persamaan Archies.
Jika a, m, n tidak diketahui dapat digunakan a = 1, m = n = 2

SATURASI AIR ARCHIES(SWA)
SONIC LOG
SW RATIO/RESISTIVITY RATIO METHODE (SWR)
ASSUMSIKAN n=2
MODIFIKASI PERSAMAAN ARCHIES
TIDAK DIPERLUKAN FORMATION FACTOR F

PADA WATER BEARING ZONE , Swr/Sxo 1 sehingga Rw dapat ditentukan :
UNTUK INVASI DAN AVERAGE RESIDUAL OIL SATURATION YANG MODERATE

MAKA :
SW RATIO/RESISTIVITY RATIO METHODE (SWR)
CLEAN SAND
SHALY SAND
Tarik garis mulasi dari Rxo/Rt =
Rmf/Rm = 1
PERBANDINGAN SWA DAN SWR
PERBANDINGAN SWA DGN SWR
Swa lebih realistik dibandingkan dgn Swr
Swa > Swr , artinya Rxo/Rt terlalu rendah yg berkaitan dgn

very shallow invasion (Rxo rendah) atau invasi yg sangat
dalam (RT sangat tinggi)
Swa < Swr, artinya Rxo/Rt terlalu tinggi yg berkaitan dgn

efek adjecent bed yg ,memiliki resistivity yg sangat tinggi
(Rxo tinggi) atau berhubungan dgn Sxo < Sw 1/5
Koreksi SW
Jika Swa/Sxo jauh lebih kecil dari 1 mengindikasikan bahwa

zone permeabel yang mengandung hidrokarbon yg
mengalami invasi filtrat lumpur
SATURASI AIR (SW) ; RESITIVITY POROSITY CROSS PLOT
Assumsikan point Sw = 100 %
Tarik garis Sw = 1 dari pivot point

=0 dan Rt
Slope garis tsb mendifinisikan Rw
Ambil harga = 10 %, Ro = 6.5

ohm-m
F=1/2 = 100
Rw=Ro/F = 6.5/100 = 0.065 ohm-m

Rt=Ro/Sw2
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
Ro=26
Untuk harga =10 %
Rt=4 x 6.5 = 26 ohm-m
Plot pada garis point ,Rt=10%, 26

ohm-m
Tarik garis melalui pivot point =
SONIC INDUCTION CROSS PLOT
Plot t Vs resistivity untuk beberapa level

kedalaman dan tentukan garis Sw 100 % (air)
Perpotongan dengan dengan absis t pada

harga resistivity ~ mendifinisikan harda tma
(47.5 s/ft)
Ambil harga = 10 %, Ro = 6.5 ohm-m

F=1/2 = 100
Tarik garis vertikal sampai memotong garis
Sw=100 %
Tarik garis kekanan sehingga diperoleh harga

Rt=Ro=5 ohm-m
Rw=Ro/F = 5/100 = 0.05 ohm-m

Rt=Ro/Sw2
Rt=Ro/0.52=4Ro
Untuk harga =10 %
Rt=4 x 5 = 20 ohm-m
Plot pada garis point ,Rt=10%, 20 ohm-m
Tarik garis melalui pivot point Rt = ~,

tma=47.5 melalui ,Rt tsb
MICRORESISTIVITY (Rxo)
POROSITY CROSS PLOT
Plot dibuat menggunakan MicroSFL (Rxo)

dan deep induction Vs porositas dari
neutron-density cross plot (atau sonic
porosity)
Plot porositas Vs resistivity (MicroSFL

dan Deep Induction) untuk beberapa level
kedalaman yg sama
Tentukan garis Sxo = 1 (100 % mud filtrat)

Slope plot tersebut berhubungan dgn
Rmf
Tentukan garis Sw = 1 (100 % water)

Slope plot tersebut berhubungan dgn Rw
Plot dari 2 macam log memberikan 2

trend garis yg berhubungan dgn Sw = 1
dan Sxo = 1
Lihat point 2, 9 dan 10 (Sw vs Sxo)

menunjukkan adanya deep invasion
SATURASI AIR (SW) ; Rwa METHODE
Jika diassumsikan Sw = 100 % maka persamaa Archie dapat
dituliskan :
Rwa digunakan untuk mengindikasikan bahwa harga Rw yg diperoleh

merupakan harga Apparent Formation Resistivity.
Pada water bearing zone Rt Ro sehingga

Rwa Rw
Pada Hidrokarbon zone harga Rwa cenderung lebih besar dari Rw
Hubungan antara Rwa dan Rw terhadap Sw dapat dituliskan sbb :

SATURASI AIR (SW) ; RWA METHODE
Rwa dapat diperoleh dgn mudah dgn membagi deep resistivity dgn
formation faktor yg diperoleh dari porosity log atau kombinasi porosity
log
Pada Perhitungan manual Rwa, log dibagi kedalam interval litologi dan
shaliness
yg konsisten, (SP log dapat digunakan)
Karena Rwa metode memerlukan deep resistivity (Rt) sehingga

disyaratkan invasi yg terjadi cukup dangkal sehingga resistivity yg
terbaca adalah true resistivity
Pada clean litologi dgn sw 10 %, hasil perhitungan Rwa akan mendekati

harga Rw
Jika Sw zone kurang dari 60 % harga Rwa yg diperoleh dapat 3x lebih

SATURASI AIR (SW) ; Rwa METHODE
Log Rwa yg kontinue dapat dilakukan

di wellsite menggunakan resistivity
dan porosity log
Pada bagian bawah mengindikasikan

water bearing sand dgn Rwa 0.08
ohm-m yg konsinten
Pada bagian atas Rwa mencapai 0.6

ohm-m
Sw dapat dihitung sbb :

SATURASI AIR (SW) ; LOGARITHMIC OVERLAY
Logarithmic scaling resistivity dan

porosity berguna dalam interpretasi
karena sifat-sifatnya sbb :
Logaritma perkalian 2 bilangan adalah

sama dgn penjumlahan aljabar dari
logaritma 2 bilangan tersebut
Logaritma hasil bagi dari 2 bilangan

adalah sama dgn pengurangan
aljabar dari logaritma 2 bilangan
tersebut
Logaritma bilangan power n adalah

sama dgn hasil perkalian n dikalikan
LOG F LOG Rdeep OVERLAY
Perekaman kurva formation factor F dapat

dilakukan pada skala logaritmic sebagai
ganti kurva log Rwa
Log F dibandingkan dgn log Deep

resistivity
Dari persamaan tersebut terlihat bahwa

perbedaan Rdeep dan F adalah harga Rwa
Rwa dibaca dgn menggunakan Penggaris

resistivity exponen 1
Overlaykan Penggaris resistivity ke log

tempatkan skala 1 (unity line index) pada
Kurva F
Harga Rwa diperoleh/dibaca pada posisi

Rdeep relatif terhadap scale
Ro OVERLAY DAN F OVERLAY
RO OVERLAY
Untuk mendapatkan kuva log Ro dapat
dilakukan dgn menggeser Kurva log F
sehingga pada zone water bearing kurva F
berimpit dgn kurva log Rdeep (jika Rw tdk
diketahui)
Swa ditentukan dari separasi kurva Ro dan

Rdeep
Sw2= Ro/Rt Ro/Rdeep
Harga Sw adalah 0.5 dari harga

logratimicnya
Gunakan Exponent 0.5
Overlaykan penggaris resistivity dgn harga

unity line (1) pada kurva Rdeep
F OVERLAY
F overlay merupakan variasi dari Ro overlay
Log Fr diperoleh dgn menggeser kurva

Rdeep sehingga kurva Rdeep berimpit dgn
kurva F pada zone water bearing
Sw ditentukan dari separasi antara Fr dan F
Gunakan Penggaris resistivity exponent 0.5

untuk menentukan Sw
Tempatkan Unity Index 10 atau 1 pada kurva

Fr dan baca harga Sw pada kurva F pada
skal exponen
Rxo/Rt Overlay
ASSUMSIKAN n=2
DARI PERSAMAAN SW RATIO METODE :
Jika harga Rmf Rw Maka :
Gunakan Penggaris resistivity

exponential 5/8
Tempatkan unity line index pada Rdeep

dan Sw dibaca Pada scala exponential
pada kurva Rshallow
Jika harga Rmf Rw Maka (biasanya Rmf >
Rw) :
Rmf/Rw harus diketahui
Harga Rmf/Rw dapat ditentukan pada water

bearing zone (zone bawah) tanpa
menggeser kurva
Gunakan penggaris resistivity exponential

5/8
Tempatkan unity line pada kurva Rdeep dan
baca Rmf/Rw pada kurva Rshallow
Cara Kedua dapat dilakukan dgn menggeser

kurva Rdeep sehingga kurva Rdeep
berimpit dgn kurva Rshallow
Gunakan penggaris resistivity exponential

5/8
EVALUASI PADA SHALY SAND RESERVOIR
CATATAN :
ARCHIES LAW APLIKATIF HANYA PADA CLEAN SAND
BAGAIMANA DNG SHALY SAND RESERVOIR/ZONE ?

PADA SHALLY SAND STONE HASIL PERHITUNGAN ARCHIES
MEMBERIKAN HASIL YG KURANG AKURAT (CENDERUNG OVER
ESTIMATE)
ADANYA CLAY DALAM ZONE POROUS AKAN

MENYEBABKAN :
HARGA RESISTIVITY AKAN TURUN ( CLAY MEMPUNYAI KONTRIBUSI
PADA PENINGKATAN CONDUTIVITY EFEK DOUBLE LAYER CLAY)
NEUTRON POROSITY AKAN NAIK (KARENA PENGARUH AIR DALAM
DAN DISEKITAR CLAY)
SONIC DAN DENSITY POROSITY AKAN NAIK KARENA EFEK
POROSITY CLAY
GAMMA RAY AKAN NAIK
PERHITUNGAN SATURASI AIR PADA SHALY SAND
RESERVOIR
1.HITUNG KANDUNGAN SHALE (VSHALE) DGN

MENGGUNAKAN LOG SHALE INDIKATOR GR, SP &
NEUTRON-DENSITY)
2.KOREKSI HARGA POROSITAS DARI NEUTRON, DENSITY

ATAU SONIC TERHADAP KANDUNGAN SHALE
3.HITUNG SATURASI AIR DGN MENGGUNAKAN METODE-

METODE :
SIMANDOUX (1963)
FERTL (1975)
POUPON / INDONESIA EQUATION
DUAL WATER

SATURASI AIR ; SHALY SAND
SATURASI AIR ; SHALY SAND
HASIL EVALUASI LOG
HASIL / REPORT
REPORT YANG DIHASILKAN UNTUK TIAP
RESERVOIR ZONE/INTERVAL
NET SAND
GROSS SAND
NET/GROSS
POROSITAS RATA-RATA
VOLUME CLAY
SATURASI HIDROKARBON & AIR RATA-RATA
KEDALAMAN FLUID CONTACT (OWC, GOC, GWC)
PARAMETER PETROFISIK (ma, Rw, m, n, a, dll)
PERHITUNGAN HCIP
PERHITUNGAN HCIP
SELESAI
Cores
Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties
Used to correlate indirect measurements, such as wireline/LWD logs
Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
Used to predict borehole stability
Used to estimate probability of formation failure and sand production

Information from Cores
Standard Analysis Special Core Analysis

Porosity Vertical permeability to air
Horizontal permeability to air Relative permeability
Grain density Capillary pressure
Cementation exponent (m) and

saturation exponent (n)

Logging While Drilling (LWD)
Provides:
Real time correlation for picking coring and casing points
Real time overpressure detection in exploration wells
Real time logging to minimize out of target sections

(geosteering)
Real time formation evaluation to facilitate stop drilling

decisions

Modular Dynamic Tester
Electric power module
Hydraulic power module
Probe module
Dual probe module
Flow control module
Sample module

LOGGING TOOLS: RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
MOST OF LWD TOOLS Both Laterolog and Induction
CONDUCTION INDUCTION PROPAGATION
Tools adapted to different types
of Rw and Mud Environments
Normals, Laterologs Induction EWR Dielectric
30
10 0 10 3 10 6 10 9
DC 20 kHz 2 MHz 10 GHz
Porosity (%)
20
Induction
Preferred
FREQUENCY
Rw = 1 ohm.m-1
Laterolog
FOCUSED ELECTRODE CURRENT INDUCTION
Preferred
Receiver Coil 10
Deep Shallow Rw = 0.1

ohm.m -1
Foucault Rw = 0.0
Currents Both Logs 1 ohm.m -1
Below Rw Curve
Transm. Coil 0
0.5 0.7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30
Rmf / Rw

LOGGING TOOLS
PRESSURE & SAMPLINGS
FORMATION TESTERS
PRINCIPLE
Measurement of mud and formation pressure
through piston-driven testing chamber and
sampling of formation fluids.
The most advanced tools comprise
multiple chambers, pump-out systems, Fluid real-
time analyzers, etc.
APPLICATION
Measurements of Reservoir pressures
Evaluation of Formation fluid characteristics
LOGGING TOOLS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Mud cake
Pressure
Packer Formation
Mud Press.
Probe Piston Probe
Formation
Pre-Test # 1
Equalizing Pressure Gauge
Pre-Test # 2
valve
To Mud
Column Pre-Test
Chambers Tim
e
High Perm
Fair Perm
Seal valves
Very Low Perm
Lower Spl Upper Spl

Chamber Chamber

Permeability
The rate of fluid flow through a reservoir depends on

Pressure drop
Fluid viscosity
Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the conductivity of a reservoir rock to fluid flow
Large grains lead to high permeability and large flow rates
Small grains lead to low permeability and small flow rates
Permeability and porosity are related

Darcys Law
p2 L p1
q
A
Direction of flow
q L L = length
k
A ( p1 p 2 ) q = flow rate
p1, p2 = pressures
k = permeability A = area perpendicular to flow
(measured in darcies) = viscosity

New Tools
Imagery: seeing is believing

Peciko Pay Zone NWP-3_BPN
R-T Cycle
Scale : 1/2000
25-Jan-2006
TMD
METRES
0
WIRE.GR_1
GAPI
RESEVAL.RES_NAME
150 0.3
WIRE.RT_1
OHMM 30
Stratigraphic Unit
2190.0
B200
B201
Deltaic Cycle
B202
B203
B204
B205
NWP-3_BPN
0a-0
C 100
C 101
NWP-3_BPN
nd
C 102 Scale : 1/500

Scale : 1/1000 25-Jan-2006
26-Jan-2006
C 103
1a-a-0
ive tre
C 105
NWP-3_BPN
C 106
Scale : 1/100
TMD RESEVAL.RES_NAME TMD RESEVAL.RES_NAME

C 107 26-Jan-2006
C 108
C 109
C 110
METRES METRES
C 111 1b-a-0
C 112
C 113
WIRE.GR_1 WIRE.RT_1 WIRE.GR_1 WIRE.RT_1 TMD RESEVAL.RES_NAME
METRES
s
0 GAPI 150 0.3 OHMM 30 0 GAPI 150 0.3 OHMM 30

C 114
WIRE.GR_1 WIRE.RT_1
s
C 115
C 116
C 117
3090.0 3080.0 0 GAPI 150 0.3 OHMM 30
e
3a-0
C 118
D144 3110.0 E102
3a-0
C 119
E100
r
1d-0
3100
Reg
C 122
E101
C 123 D145
2500 C 124 3a-1
C 125
E102
1e-0
3a-1
C 126
C 127 E103
C 128
C 129
E104
3a-0
1f-0
C 131
E103
E105 3a-0
C 133 E100
C 134
1g-0 3a-2
C 135 E106
C 136
E107 E101
C 138 E108
C 140
C 141
1h-0
E109 3a-3
C 142
C 143 E102
C 144
E110
C 146
C 147 E111 3a-1
E103
d
C 148
C 149
C 150 E112 3c-0
e tren
C 151
C 152
C 153
2a-0 E113 3120
D 100
E104
D 101
D 102 E104
D 103
D 104
D 105
E114
D 106
D 107 2b-0
iv
D 108
D 109 E116 3c-1

D 110
gress
D 111 E117 E105

D 113
D 114
E118
D 115
D 116
D 117
2d-0
3200 E119
3a-2
D 118
D 119
3d-0
Individual deltaic cycle

2e-0 E120
D 121
E106
Trans
D 122
D 125 E121
D 127
D 128
2f-0
E122
3000
D 129
E107
D 131
D 132
3d-1
D 133 2g-0 E123
DD 135
134
D 136
E108 E105
D 137
D 138 E124
D 139
D 140
D 142
3a-3
D 143
D 144
E125 E109
D 145
E100 3a-0
E101
E102 E126
E103
3a-2
E104
E105
E127 3e-0 3130
E106
E107
E108
E110
E109
E110
E111
E112
E113
3c-0 E128
E114
E116
E117
E118
3e-1 E111
E119
E120
3d-0
E130
E121
E122
3c-0
E123
E124
E125 E131 E112
E126
E127 3e-0
E128 E132
E130
E131
3f-0
E132
3f-0
E133
rend
E133
E134 E106
E135 3f-1 E113
E136
3g-0
E134
E137
E138
3f-1
E139
E135
sive t
F101
4a-0
3300
F102
F103 E114
F104 4b-0
F105
F107
E136
F108
F109
F110
F111
F112
3g-0
s
F113
F114
F115
4c-0
E137 3c-1
e
F116
F117 E116
4d-0
r
F118
3140 E107
F119
3g-1
g
F120
E138
F121
F122 E117
Re
F123 4e-0
F124
3500
4f-0
E139
F126
F127
3g-2 E118
4g-0
F131
F132
F133
4h-0
F134
F135
4a-0
F136
E119
F137 4a-0
F138 E108
3d-0
F139 4i-0
F140
F101
E120
3d-0
F143
F147
F148
F149
4j-0
4a-1 5m 3145.0
10 m
F150
F151 4k-0 F102 3210.0
F152 3370.0
F153
F154
F154A
F154B 5a-0
50 m
100 m
TD-DRILLER
TD-LOGGER
3745.5
Fig. 19 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March
PENAMPANG BARAT-TIMUR LAPANGAN PECIKO
BARAT TIMUR

Wireline Logging - Program
Defined based on required information.

Considerations:
nature of drilling
hole diameter (drilling phase) vs tool diameter
type of drilling fluid : air, water, oil, foam
type of drilling mud : salinity, density, viscosity,
additives: barite, potash salt /KCl
expected temperature and pressure
type of formation expected: consolidated,
unconsolidated, fractured

NUCLEAR LOGGING TOOLS: NEUTRON
TOOL
14 MeV SLOWDOWN Fast neutron activation method
NEUTRON SPECTROMETRY

GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
RADIOACTIVATION NAr
Neutron energy (eV)
INELASTIC DIFFUSION
2 MeV
ELASTIC DIFFUSION
CAPTURE
NN ep Epithermal neutron-neutron method
GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
1 eV THERMALISATION Thermal neutron activation method
RADIOACTIVATION NAth
NN thThermal neutron activation method
0.025 eV
CAPTURE N
Gamma - neutron method
10 2 Time (s) 10 3 10 4

Meter
Generator
B
Spacing
M
O
N
Lateral (basic arrangement)

More Advance Tool : Focusing Electrode Logs
It comprises a center electrode A0 and three pairs of electrodes M1 and M2,

M1 and M2, and bucking electrodes A1 and A2.
A constant current, i0, is emitted from A0. Through bucking electrodes A1 and A2
the bucking current intensity is adjusted. The potential of M1 and M2, M1 and M2
are made equal. The potential drop is measured. With a constant i0 the potential
varies directly with formation resistivity

Capillary pressure and liquid rising
2r
Film of liquid
Vapor
wetting the tube
wall
Tension at this
point
Liquid Meniscus
Liquid
Fluid A Angle
Fluid B
Water rising in a tube due to capillarity Solid
Pc P2 P1 2 cos Pch g h 2 cos

r g
r cap
= superficial tension (dynes/cm) h = height to which the liquid rises
r = radius of capillary tube = liquid density
contact angle of meniscus g = acceleration of gravity
Pc = capillary pressure (dyne/cm2)
DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place (courtoisie de Schlumberger)

03 Wireline

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

03 Wireline

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

WIRELINE LOGGING

DN, March 2009, TrisaktiReference, date, place

Logging while drilling (LWD)

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Describe the information that can be obtained from a

List six conventional openhole well logs and describe

Calculate water saturation using Archies equation,

Explain what subsurface maps are used for and

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

SONDE OPEN HOLE

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

To operate logging tools you need:

Logging Truck or Cabin

Depth and Tension Systems

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Well-logs applications concern not only geologists but also petrophysicists,

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Existence of the reservoirs

key for well decision

Open-hole logging : formation evaluation

Logs provide detailed essential information on wells and

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Mengenal konsep infasi mud filtrat

Mengenal terminologi dasar, simbol dan difinisi

Mengenal efek dari mud filtrat terhadap wire line log

Cairan yang masuk kedalam formasi dinamakan Mud Fitrate

Tekanan lumpur sebesar (Pm)

PENGARUH TERHADAP LUBANG BOR :

Uninvaded or Virgin Zone:

Modified from J. Jensen, PETE 321 Lecture Notes

1. Flushed zone dengan diameter (df.)

Mengandung Mud Filtrate (Rm )

Mengandung Residual Hydrocarbon

2. Transition zone dengan diameter (dj.)

The graph shows resistivity profiles in

Mud systems and Damaged zone

Spontaneous Potential (SP)

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Measures the formations natural radioactivity

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

NGS (Natural Gamma-ray Spectrometry)

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation similar in nature to

The energy range of gamma rays is about 0.01 to 10 MeV

Because rocks contain various amount of unstable elements, they

Most unstable nuclei are rare in nature. Those of significant

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Resistivity values are used

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

What is the resistivity?

In abbreviation form, resistivity is:

DN, March 2009, Trisakti- Reference, date, place

Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity and is

C = 1/R (in mho/m)

C = 1000/R (in mmho/m)