The Generalized Animal Cell

I. Definition of Cells
A. Prokaryotes Bacteria/Plasmid
B. Eukaryotes animal cells/ Nucleus
II. Environment of Cells liquid
A. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
B. Interstitial Fluid (IF)
C. Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Parts of the Animal Cell
See Lab Outline
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Golgi
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Centrioles
Refer to Exam Diagram
On Blackboard!!
 The Plasma Membrane cellular outer and organelle
basic construct

A. Composition
i. Phospholipid molecules
ii. Proteins
NOTE: combination of proteins
iii. Carbohydrates
and lipids with carbohydrates
iv. Cholesterol
will create glycoproteins and
lipids
Fig. 03.02
Plasma Membrane Construct
B. Structure and Dynamics Fluid
Mosaic Model
i. Lipid bilayer
ii. Three distinct regions:
hydrophilic/hydrophobic/hydrophi
lic
iii. dynamic fluidity
iv. Amphipathic molecule
v. Proteins with channels
vi. Immunohistocompatibility
(IHC) markers
a. proteins with glucose markers
vii. Receptors
 Plasma Membrane Construct
B. Structure and Dynamics Fluid Mosaic Model
i. Lipid bilayer
ii. Three distinct regions:
hydrophilic/hydrophobic/hydrophilic
iii. dynamic fluidity
iv. Amphipathic molecule
v. Proteins with channels
vi. Immunohistocompatibility (IHC) markers
a. proteins with glucose markers
vii. Receptors
Functions of Proteins
 Membrane Permeability
C. Selectively Permeable leaky sometimes too

D. Movement Across the membrane: Passive

Processes
i. Diffusion
ii. Osmosis
iii. Filtration
Dynamics of a Plasma
Membrane
Movement Across the membrane
E. Movement Across the membrane: Active
Processes
i. Active Transport
ii. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
clathrin molecules
Movement Across the membrane
E. Movement Across the
membrane: Active
Processes
i. Active Transport
ii. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
clathrin molecules
Movement Across the membrane
E. Movement Across the
membrane: Active
Processes
i. Active Transport
ii. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
clathrin molecules
Movement Across the membrane
E. Movement Across the
membrane: Active
Processes
i. Active Transport
ii. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
clathrin molecules
Organelles Most are membranous,
some are proteinaceous
A. Nucleus
i. Full of chromatin:
DNA and histone
proteins

ii. Nucleous at center

iii. Nuclear envelope

with pores
Transcription & Translation
B. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
i. processes lipids and
carbohydrates
ii. A membranous labyrinth

C. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
i. Surrounded by ribosomes
ii. A membranous labyrinth
G. Ribosomes
i. Produced in Nucleoli
ii. Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
iii. Large and small subunits
iv. Translate mRNA into Protein
Transcription & Translation
D. Golgi Apparatus (sometimes
called Complex or Body)
i. Directly found between
RER and cell membrane

ii. Packaging of protein

for export i.e. glycoproteins

iii. Packaging of other

molecules for intercellular use

iv. -cis and -trans

sidedness
Golgi Body Functions
E. Mitochondria
i. Double membrane
organelle: Inner and
Outer layers
ii. Intermembraneous
space
iii. Matrix
iv. ATP production via
electron transport chain
v. Has own DNA
 Lysosome
F. Lysosomes
i. Stomach or
garbage disposal of cell
ii. Multiple
organelles
iii. At death
autolysis
H. Cytoskeleton
i. Microfilaments
a. Protein actin
b. 5 nanometers (nm)
ii. Microtubules
a. Protein tubulin
b. a bit bigger than 15 nm
iii. Intermediate filaments
a. Protein depends upon cell
b. 10 nm or so
Cytoskeletal Elements
I. Centrosome composed of
Centrioles (a pair)

i. Centrioles *always* found

at 900 to one another

ii. each composed of 9

triplets of microtubules

iii. 9 + 2 arrangement in
flagellum and cilia
(the 2 extra found in the
center of the of 9 pairs)
J. Specialized Features adaptive surface features
i. Flagellum locomotion

ii. Cilia movement across cell surface

iii. Microvilli increased surface area for

absorption
K. Vacuoles
i. lipids
ii. Water

L. Solid inclusions
i. melanin
ii. glycogen granules
 Mitosis Cell Replication
V. Mitosis - Cell Division
and the 5 phases

A. Interphase
i. Cellular quiescence
ii. increase in volume
iii. increase in
chromatin
iv. increase in
organelle numbers
Mitosis
B. Prophase
i. Cell membrane dissolves and
disappears
ii. Condensation of chromatin into
chromosomes
iii. Separation of centrioles
iv. Creation of spindle apparatus
aster formation
v. Nucleoli disappear
vi. Beginning of spindle fibers
attachment to centromeres,
specifically the kinetochore of
chromosomes
C. Metaphase
i. Elongation of spindle
apparatus and finish of
fiber attachment to
centromeres
ii. Movement of
chromosomes to
equatorial plane
iii. Chromosomes lined
along equatorial plane
Mitosis
D. Anaphase
i. Separation of centromeres
ii. Spindle fibers shorten and
chromatids separate
iii. Movement of chromatids
to poles of cell
E. Telophase
i. Cleavage furrow becomes
apparent and deepens
ii. Cytokinesis separation
into two daughter cells
 Meiosis
VI. Meiosis Reduction Division, utilized in creation of sperm &
egg
Meiosis I
A. Prophase
B. Late Prophase I
C. Metaphase I
D. Anaphase I
E. Telophase I

Meiosis II
A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II