Seminar (CE4092)

DRIFT DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

ON TALL RISE BUILDINGS

KIRAN L VIJAYAN
B110138CE
INTRODUCTION

The study of seismic or earthquake engineering

has long been an area of great interest in the field
of structural engineering

The analysis and design of tall building are

affected by lateral loads, particularly drift or sway
caused by such loads
 Drift or sway is the magnitude of the lateral
displacement at the top of the building relative to
its base

Lateral deflection is the predicted movement of a

structure under lateral loads

Story drift is defined as the difference in lateral

deflection between two adjacent stories.
 Lateral deflection and drift have three primary
effects on a structure

can affect the structural elements (such as

beams and columns)

can affect non-structural elements (such as

the windows and cladding)

can affect adjacent structures

 .High-rise buildings were especially affected due
to the nature of their slenderness in height and
to the geometry of their layout.

The drift in the non-slender rigid frame is mainly

caused by racking
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?

An Earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the

earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rocks
beneath the earth surface

Reference: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/EQTips/EQTip02.pdf
 The shaking could last seconds or minutes, and
there may be several earthquakes over a period
ranging from hours to weeks.

Seismic waves are produced when some form of

energy stored in the Earths crust is suddenly
released, usually when masses of rock straining
against one another suddenly fracture and slip.

Seismology, which involves the scientific study of

all aspects of earthquakes
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON BUILDINGS

Earthquake results not only in hazard associated

with direct shaking effect on buildings.

Other effects including surface faulting, tectonic

uplift and subsidence landslides, soil liquefaction,
and tsunamis etc.

Reference: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/EQTips/EQTip02.pdf
 Failure of the ground and soil beneath buildings
is also a major cause of damage.

However, contrary to popular belief, buildings are

rarely, if ever, damaged because of fault
displacement beneath a building.

Movement of seismic waves along the planes of faults

TO BRIEFLY REVIEW THE BASICS OF EARTHQUAKE
GENERATION

Most earthquakes result from rapid movement

along the plane of faults within the earth's crust.
(see figure above)

This sudden movement of the fault releases a

great deal of energy, which then travels through
the earth in the form of seismic waves.

The seismic waves travel for great distances before

finally losing most of their energy.
 GROUND MOTION AND BUILDING
FREQUENCIES

The characteristics of earthquake ground

motions are the
duration,

amplitude (of displacement, velocity and

acceleration) and
frequency of the ground motion.
 Surface ground motion at the building site is
actually a complex superposition of different
vibration frequencies.

We should also mention that at any given site,

some frequencies usually predominate.

The distribution of frequencies in a ground

motion is referred to as its frequency content.
 The response of the building to ground motion is as
complex as the ground motion itself, yet typically
quite different

the building's vibrations tend to centre around one

particular frequency that is known as its natural or
fundamental frequency.

Generally, the shorter a building is the higher its

natural frequency, and the taller the building is,
the lower its natural frequency.
BUILDING FREQUENCY AND PERIOD

Building Typical Natural

Height Period

2 story 0.2 seconds

5 story 0.5 seconds

10 story 1.0 second

20 story 2.0 second

30 story 3.0 second

50 story 5. Seconds
 RESONANT FREQUENCIES
Resonance frequencies are the natural frequencies
at which it is easiest to get an object to vibrate.

All buildings have a resonance, which is actually

the number of seconds the building would take to
naturally vibrate back and forth.

Resonance tends to increase or amplify the

building's response.
 Because of this, buildings suffer the greatest
damage from ground motion at a frequency close or
equal to their own natural frequency.

Resonance effect variation in short & tall building

 EARTHQUAKE DRIFT

A horizontal force applied to an object tends to

push it sideways. If it is unrestrained at its base,
it slides in the direction of the applied force.

Drift mechanism
 Lateral forces acting above the foundation push the
superstructures sideways until the resistance of the
structure reaches equilibrium with that force.

The amount of horizontal displacement that occurs is

called drift.

Drift causes stress in structural seismic elements and

non-structural elements because it forces them into
deformed shapes.

Maximum drift usually occurs at the top of a building

EFFECT OF DRIFT ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

There is a relationship between the lateral force

resisting system and its movement under lateral
loads; this relationship can be analysed by hand or
by computer

This analysis estimates of other design criteria,

such as rotations of joints in eccentric braced
frames and rotations of joints in special moment
resisting frames can be obtained.

Lateral analysis can also be used and should be

used to estimate the effect of lateral movements on
structural elements that are not part of the lateral
force resisting system,
 lateral force resisting system might experience
premature failure and a corresponding loss of
strength.

In addition, if the lateral deflections of any

structure become too large, P- effects can cause
instability of the structure and potentially result
in collapse.
 EFFECT OF DRIFT ON NON-
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Since lateral deflection and drift affect the entire
building or structure, design of non-structural
element
The non-structural elements should be designed
to allow the expected movement of the structural
system.

If the non-structural elements are not adequately

isolated from the movements of the lateral force
resisting system, adverse effects are likely to
occur. ts is also governed by these parameters
 STORY DRIFT

Lateral drift also called as story drift is the

amount of sides way between two adjacent
stories of a building caused by lateral (wind as
well as seismic) loads.

For a single-story building, lateral drift equals

the amount of horizontal roof displacement.

Vertical deflection of a floor or roof structural

member is the amount of sag under gravity or
other vertical loading.
Story drift in buildings
 P-DELTA ANALYSIS

The P-Delta effect refers to the abrupt changes in

ground shear, and overturning moment of a
sufficiently tall structure or structural
component when it is subject to a
lateral displacement.

P-Delta Analysis
 When a model is loaded, it deflects. The deflections
in the members of the model may induce secondary
moments

It is due to the fact that the ends of the member

may no longer be vertical in the deflected position.

These secondary effects for members can be

accurately approximated through the use of P-Delta
analysis.
 STEPS FOLLOWED

Step 1: The model is loaded with the Applied loads (P)

Step 2: The model deflects , and the secondary shear force

(V) is calculated for every member using equation,

V= P *
L
Step 3: The model is re-solved (internally) with the
secondary shear forces applied (V).

Step 4: The displacements for this new solution are

compared to those obtained from the previous solution. If
they fall within the convergence tolerance, the solution has
converged. If not, return to Step 2 and repeat.
 The convergence tolerance is found in the Global
Parameters dialog box and is set by default
to 0.5%.

Figure showing convergence tolerance set as 0.5%

DRIFT REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Safeguard System to Protect

Outline of the specimen
Shaking Table
 RECOMMENDATIONS
A well designed building should not have
significant P-Delta effects.

Analyses with and without the P-Delta effects will

yield the magnitude of the P-Delta effects
separately.

If these lateral displacements differ by more than

5%, for the same lateral load, the basic design
may be too flexible and a redesign should be
considered.
 By increasing the stiffness of low-rise structures,
the strength of these structures is generally
increased, and ductility demands on these
structures as they struggle to escape the constant
acceleration region of the response spectrum are
generally decreased.

Also buildings must have adequate separation to

avoid the damaging effects of pounding during
earthquakes.
 CONCLUSION
Prediction of earthquake is not feasible at all. So it
is a threat to all, especially the tall structures of the
mega cities.

So the tall structures are on the threat, due to

earthquake drift occurrence.

Hence every high rise structure should consider

the effect of drift. Then the loss of life and property
will be attenuated.

Every tall structure should include the drift due to

earthquake load as well as wind load.
 REFERENCE

Rahman, A. A. Masseur Ahmed and M. R. Mamun

(2012), Drift analysis due to earthquake load on tall
structures, Journal of Civil Engineering and
Construction Technology Vol. 4(5), pp. 154-158.

Gary r. Searer and sigmund a. Freeman(2004),

Design drift requirements for long-period
structures, 13th world conference on earthquake
engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, paper no. 3292

Hong Fan, Q.S. Li, Alex Y. Tuan, LihuaXu (2009),

Seismic analysis of the world's tallest building,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65,pg- 1206-
1215.