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COPPER &

ITS ALLOY
GROUP MEMBERS

1. EPHRAIM Turatsinze ENG/F/0018


2. JOSEPH Byagatonda ENG/F/0023
3. GILBERT Rukundo ENG/F/0019
4. SHANGO Gratien ENG/F/0020
5. JEAN PAUL Nsabumukiza ENG/F/0021
CONTENTS OF DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION OF COPPER
PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS OF COPPER
EXTRACTION OF COPPER
COPPER ALLOY
CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS
PROPERTIES &APPLICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS
APPLICATIONS OF COPPER IN AEROSPACE
LIMITATION OF COPPER IN AVIATION
CONCLUSION
BY
INTRODUCTION EPHRAIM Turatsinze
Copper and its many alloys have played an important role in many
civilizations, Here, the graph shows the role that copper has played
throughout human civilization for thousands of years.
Because of being malleability and
ductility, copper is ideal for making wire.
It is corroded by salt water but is not
affected by fresh water. The ultimate
tensile strength of copper varies greatly
In aircraft, copper is used primarily in
the electrical system for bus bars,
bonding, and as lockwire.
Beryllium copper is one of the most successful
of all the copper base alloys. It is a recently
developed alloy that containing about 97 percent
copper, 2 percent beryllium.
The resistance of beryllium copper to fatigue and
wear makes it suitable for diaphragms, precision
bearings and bushings, ball cages, and spring
washers.
There are other copper alloys that are used to make parts of aircraft
such as
Bronzes are copper alloys containing tin. The true bronzes have up to 25
percent tin, but those with less
than 11 percent are most useful, especially for such items as tube fittings
in aircraft.
Red brass, sometimes termed bronze because of its tin content, is used
in fuel and oil line fittings.
Brass metal composed of 60 percent copper and 40 percent zinc. Its
strength can be increased by heat treatment. As cast, this metal has an
ultimate tensile strength , and it can be elongated18 percent. It is used in
making bolts and nuts.
BY
PRODUCTION OF COPPER
JOSEPH Byagatonda
MINING
The copper ore has to be dug from the ground.
The ore contains some copper mineral and lot of waste rock.
EXTRACTION OF COPPER

The method used to extract copper from its ores depends on the nature
of the ore.Sulphide ores such as chalcopyrite are converted to copper by
a different method from silicate, carbonate or sulphate ores.
ELECTROLYTIC REFINING
The purification uses an electrolyte of copper(II) sulphate solution,
impure copper anodes, and strips of high purity copper for the cathodes.
After
refining, the copper cathodes are melted and cast into ingots,
cakes, billets, or rods depending on the final application
BENDING
Manufacturing process that produces a v-shape, u-shape, or
channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most
commonly sheet metal.
PROPERTIES OF COPPER BY
AND ITS APPLICATIONS GILBERT Rukundo
Copper was important to early humans and continues to be
a material of choice for variety of domestic, industrial, and
high-technology to day. Some properties are;

Good electrical
tough
conductor
Non magnetic
Good thermal conductor
Attractive color
Corrosion resistant
Easy to alloy
Antibacterial
Recyclable
Easily joined
catalytic
Ductile
Copper is an excellent electrical conductor. Most of its
uses based on this property or the fact that it is also a good
thermal conductor.

Corrosion resistant
Copper is low in reactivity series. This means that doesnt
tend to corrode. Again, this is important for its use for
electrical cables, and radiators.

Easily joined/ Solderability


copper can be easily joined by soldering or brazing. This is
useful for many computer motherboards and for making
sealed copper vessels.
Antibacterial
Copper is a naturally hygienic metal that slows down the
growth of germs such as e-coli and legionella. Then is
important for application like food preparation, hospitals,
etc

Ductile
Copper is a ductile metal. This means that it can easily be
shaped into pipes, sheets and drawn into wires.
Tough
Copper and copper alloys are tough. this means that they
were suited to being used to main rotor hub for small
helicopters and landing gears.

Non magnetic
Copper is non magnetic and non sparking. Because of this,
it is used in special tools and military applications.

Alloys easily
Copper can be combined with other metals to make alloys.
The most well known are brass and bronze.
APPLICATION OF COPPER

For making electrical parts,


Heat exchangers
Screw maching products,
For making various copper alloys, such as brass and bronze,
For household utensils.
By
PROPERTIES & COPPER ALLOY SHANGO Gratien
COPPER ALLOY-ELEMENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF COPPER ALLOYS
Unalloyed
Bronze
Copper
Copper Tin alloys
Copper Aluminum alloys
Copper Silicon alloys
Nickel silver
Brasses Copper Beryllium alloys

Copper Zinc alloys


Copper Lead alloys
Cu-Ni
Copper Zinc alloys with Cupronickel (Cu-Ni)
Tin and Aluminum based
Nickel silver (Cu-Ni-
additions Zn
DESIGNATED OF ALLOYS

Unified Numbering System Alloy designation


UNS Begun in 1974
Originality was only 3 number for an alloy
but now is C and 5 digits.
Wrought and cast alloy are included
UNS CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER ALLOY
UNS Classification
C followed by 5 digits
Numbers C10100 to C79900 designate wrought alloys
Numbers C80000 to C99900 designate casting alloys
Electrolytic tough pitch copper (C11000) is the least expensive and used
in production of wire, rod, and strip.
Has 0.04% oxygen
Cu2O + H2 2Cu + H2O at 400C causing blisters
Copper cast in controlled reducing atmosphere to form OFHC copper
(C10200)
Cu-Zn Brass
Cu-Zn form substitutional solid solutions up to 35% Zn.
Cartridge brass (70Cu 30Zn) is single phase
Muntz brass (60Cu 40Zn) is two phase.
Zinc (0.5 to 3%) is always added to copper to increase machinability
Cu-Sn Bronzes
1 to 10% tin with Cu to form solid solution strengthened alloys.
Stronger and less corrosive than Cu-Zn bronzes.
Up to 16% Sn is added to alloys that are used for high strength bearings.
Cu-Be alloys
0.6 to 2% Be and 0.2 2.5 % Cobalt with copper.
Can be heat treated and cold worked to produce very strong (1463 MPa) bronzes.
Excellent corrosion resistance and fatigue properties.
Used in springs, diaphragms, valves etc.
2) BRASS:
There are two Class of brass
Families of Brass
The alpha alloys Cast alloy brasses
with less than 37% Zinc. These alloys are Copper-Tin-Zinc alloys (red, semi-red
ductile and can be cold worked. and yellow brasses)
Cast Copper-Bismuth and Copper-
Bismuth-Selenium alloys.
The alpha/beta or duplex alloys Copper-Zinc-Silicon alloys (Silicon
with 37-45% Zinc. These alloys have brasses and bronzes)
limited cold ductility and are typically wrought alloy brasses
harder and stronger Copper-Zinc alloys
Copper-Zinc-Tin alloys (Tin brasses)
Copper-Zinc-Lead alloys (Leaded
brasses)
3) BRONZE
FAMILIES OF BRONZE ARE
Cast bronze alloys Wrought alloys
Copper-Tin alloys (Tin Bronzes) Copper-Tin-Phosphorus alloys
(Phosphor Bronzes)
Copper-Tin-Lead alloys (Leaded
and high leaded Tin Bronzes) Copper-Tin-Lead-Phosphorus alloys
(Leaded Phosphor Bronzes)
Copper-Tin-Nickel alloys
(nickel-tin bronzes) Copper-Aluminium alloys
(Aluminium Bronzes)
Copper-Aluminium alloys
(Aluminium Bronzes)
COPPER PHOSPHORUS BRAZING ALLOYS
APPLICATION OF COPPER ALLOY
Architecture
Building fronts, downs puts, Flashing, gutters, Roofing screening
Automotive
Gasket, Radiator
Electrical
Bus bar, conductivity wire, contacts, radio
parts, switches, terminals
Hardware
Ball floats , cotter pins ,butts, rivets
Miscellaneous
Anodes ,chemical equipment
The second largest use of Cu is
probably in coins.
Copper is also used as a metallizing
coating, Plastic Films
Copper also as an additive in other
materials ,Lubricants.
Good conductivity of electricity and heat is combined with strength,
ductility and excellent corrosion resistance, to mention just a few of
the properties that copper and its alloys offer.
WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION OF
COPPER
APPLICATIONS OF COPPER By
JEAN PAUL
IN AEROSPACE Nsabyimukiza
The Aerospace Industry has needs for
Lightweight
Durable
corrosion resistant metal parts that can perform under a wide range of extrem
temperatures.
Various copper alloys have been specifically engineered to meet and exceed the
needs of these critical applications. We call these alloys our Aerospace Alloys.
Many of the following
Bearing Bronze
Aluminum Bronze,
Nickel Aluminum Bronze and
Beryllium Copper Alloys can be found in Landing Gear Bushings, Wheel &
Brake Components, Actuators, Hydraulic Components, and many other
Aerospace applications.
This group of copper alloys is used in a number of aerospace applications which
include the following:
C51000 - Aircraft bushings and bearings
C63000 - Aircraft parts, Pump shafts, Structural members, Landing gear parts
C64200 - Aircraft parts, Landing gear parts
C86300 - High load gear, bearing applications
C86500 - High load gear, bearing applications
C90300 - Aircraft landing gear bushings
C90500 - Aircraft bushings and bearings
C90700 - Aircraft accessory drives
C93700 - Aircraft control bushings
C94100 - Aircraft carburetor bearings
C94300 - Aircraft carburetor bearings
C95400 - Bearings brushes, landing gear components, engine components
C95500 - Aircraft components, landing gear parts
C95510HT - Aircraft components, landing gear parts
LIMITATION IN AVIATION
The two most generally used conductors are copper and aluminum. Each
has characteristics that make its use advantageous under certain
circumstances; also, each has certain disadvantages.
CONCLUSION

Although Al has only about 60% of the conductivity of copper, it is used


extensively.

Al ,It is light weight makes possible long spans, and its relatively large
diameter for a given conductivity reduces the discharge of electricity from
the wire when it has a high potential.
The discharge is greater when smaller diameter wire is used than when
larger diameter wire is used.
Some bus bars are made of aluminum which has a greater radiating surface
than Cu for the same conductance.

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