BLOOD CELL

(NOMENCLATURE)
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
Erythropoiesis is the segment of hemato-
poiesis concerned with the production of
erythrocytes (red cells). In essence, it is a
system for the production and packaging of
Hb molecules.
Maturation stages begin with the pronormo-
blast, which derives from a pool of more
primitive stem cells
MATURATION STAGES

STEM CELLS

PRONORMOBLAST

BASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

RETICULOCYTE

MATURE RED CELL

Pool of nucleated erythroid precursor in marrow

~ 2% pronormoblast
~ 18% basophilic normoblast
~ 54% polychromatophilic normoblasts
~ 26% orthochromatophilic normoblasts
Nucleated red cells (normoblasts) appear in the
blood if erythropoiesis is occurring outsides the
marrow (e.medullary e.poiesis) and also with
some marrow diseases.
Erythropoietin (Epo)

- Regulate erythropoietic activity

- Also shorten the total time taken for a pro-

normoblast to mature into marrow reticu-
locytes & for the later to be released
into the circulation

The life span averages aprox. 120 days.

Marrow requires many precursor to synthesize
the new cells & large amount of Hb.
The substances are :
1. Metals : iron, manganese, cobalt
2. Vitamins : vit. B12, folate, vit.C, vit.E, vit.B6,
thiamine, riboflavin & pantothenic acid
3. Amino acid
4. Hormones : SCF, IL-3, GM-CSF, Epo,
androgen and thyroxine
 GRANULOPOIESIS
Leucocyte or white cell refer to any of the
nucleated cells normally present in blood, whose
major function is defense against foreign invaders

Types of leucocytes :

- Type of defense function : phagocytes (i.e., granu-

locytes and monocytes) and immunocytes (i.e.,
lymphocytes and plasma cells)
- Shaped of the nucleus polymorpho-

nuclear or mononuclear)

- Site of origin myeloid or lymphoid

- Presence of absence of specific- staining

granules granulocytes or non-granu-

locytes
Maturation stages
MYELOBLAST

PROMYELOCYTE

MYELOCYTE

METAMYELOCYTE

BAND FORM

MATURE PMN GRANULOCYTE

 1. NEUTROPHILS

Functions : ~ Chemotaxis
~ Cytotoxic activities : phagocytosis
and granule toxicity
Life span and circulation :
~ Transit time in blood for mature neutrophils :
1 day or less.
~ Probably survive 1-2 days in tissue.
~ N peripheral blood levels : 4.0 10 x 103/ul
 2. EOSINOPHILS
Functions :
~ a first line defense against parasites
~ modulate hypersensitivity reactions
~ migrate to inflammatory sites
Life span and circulation :
~ Usually exist in concentr. of 100-400/ul
in PB
~ BM maturation time : 2-6 days ,
circ. half life : 6 - 12 hours
 3. Basophils and Mast cells
Functions :
~ involved in immediately hypersensitivity
~ trigger anaphylactic degranulation
~ active arachidonic acid metabolites
(e.g..leukotrienes, prostaglandin)
Life span and circulation :
~ Basophils : about 1-2 days
~ Mast cells : present in blood only in pathologic
conditions. Murine studies : mast cells survive
several weeks to several month in tissue
 4. MONOCYTES

Functions : Morphology :
~ Activating stimuli Monoblast
~ Chemotaxis
~ Phagocytosis Promonocytes

Monocytes
Life span :
4.5 10 hours (mean 8.5 h)
 LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
There are three major functional classes of lymphocy-
tes : B lymphocytes (B cell), T lymphocytes (T cell)
and Natural Killer (NK cell)
Differentiation :
~ B - lymphocyte diff. in BM :
Early pre-B cell
pre B-cell
immature B cell
mature B celll
~ T-lymphocyte diff. in the thymus :

Pre-T cell (thymic lymphoblast)

Early thymocyte (large cortical thymocyte)

Intermediate thymocyte (small c. thymocyte)

Late thymocyte (medullary thymocyte)

Mature T cell
Function :
~ B cell function : humoral immunity (i.e.,anti
body/immunoglobulins production)

~ T cell function : cell-mediated immunity

including delayed hypersensitivity, graft
rejection, contact allergic reaction

Life span : years

 THROMBOPOIESIS

Blood platelets play an essential role in

hemostasis, thrombosis and coagulation of
blood
The platelet count ranging from 140,000-
450,000/ul
Life span : 8 to 12 days
Functions : Platelets participate in the formati-
ons of a platelet plug and a stable fibrin clot
(adhesion and aggregation)
 Maturation stages

Pluripotential stem cell CFU-Meg Megakaryoblast

Proliferation

CSF-Mega

Megakaryocyte maturation Platelet shading

Thrombopoietin (TP)
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