Adapted from Jeffery A.

Hoffers
Modern Database Management,
12th Edition
Lecture # 6
Range of DB (continued)
Evolution of DB

Lecturer
Shermeen Adnan

1
 Range of DB Applications(Multitier
Client/Server Databases)
Utility of a personal DB is limited
To achieve sharing of data amongst multiple users multitier
client/server DBs are built
Support a department like marketing and accounting or a
division line of business larger than work-group
User interface is accessible on individual users computer via
browser
Application layer/ web server layer contains business logic
required to accomplish the business transactions requested by
the user
It talks to database server
Improved performance and maintainability of application
and DBs
Range of DB Applications(Multi-tier
Client/Server Databases)
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
Entire organization or enterprise
Support organization-wide operations and
decision making
Organization may have several enterprise DBs
(doesnt include all organizational data)
A single operational enterprise DB is impractical
for medium to large organizations
Performance difficulty
Diverse needs
Complexity of achieving a single metadata
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
The evolution of enterprise DB has resulted in two
major developments
Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) systems
Data Warehousing Implementations
Enterprise applications form the foundation for the
processes that control and execute the basic tasks
They capture the data surrounding the transactions
When you registered for your DB course, you engaged in a
transaction that captured data about your registration
When you go to a store to buy , a transaction takes place
between you and the store and data is captured about
purchase
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
Organizations use packaged systems offered
by vendors for their transaction processing
needs
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Supply chain management (SCM)
Human resource management (HRM)
Payroll
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
a business management system that integrates all
functions of the enterprise, such as
manufacturing, sales, finance, marketing,
inventory, accounting, and human resources.
ERP systems are software applications that
provide the data necessary for the enterprise to
examine and manage its activities, transactions,
current operations etc
 Range of DB Applications(Enterprise
Database)
ERP works with the current operational data of
enterprise
Data warehouse collect content from the various
operational databases
Data warehouse
An integrated decision support database whose content is
derived from the various operational databases including
personal, workgroup, department, and ERP database
It enables users to work with historical data
Trends
Patterns
Answer to strategic business questions
 Range of DB Applications(Web-
Enabled Database)
Web applications requiring databases
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Business-to-consumer (B2C)
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Private intranets
XML-defined Web services
Issues to consider
Which technologies to use?
Security/privacy protection
Managing huge volumes of data from Internet transactions
Maintaining data quality
 Evolution of Database
DBMSs were introduced during the 1960s
Driven by four main objectives
Need for program-data independence
reduced maintenance
Desire to manage more complex data types
and structures
Ease of data access for less technical personnel
Need for more powerful decision support
platforms
 Evolution of Database
DB technology that was dominant during each
decade
 Evolution of Database
Flat File Database
Stored as an ordinary unstructured file
called a "flat file
id name team
To access the structure of the data and
manipulate it on a computer system, the file
must be read in its entirety into the 1 Amy Blues
computer's memory
In this stored mode the database is said to 2 Bob Reds
be "flat", meaning that it has no structure
for indexing and there are usually no 3 Chuck Blues
structural relationships between the
records 4 Richard Blues
A flat file can be a plain text file or a binary
file
Apollo moon landing project
 Evolution of Database
Hierarchical Database
Data is organized into a
tree-like structure. The data
is stored as records which
are connected to one
another through links
A record is a collection of
fields, with each field
containing only one value.
First generation DBMS
Limited data independence
Lengthy development time
 Hierarchical Database (1960s and
1970s)

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)
 Evolution of Database
Network Database
Flexible way of representing
objects and their
relationships
not restricted to being a
hierarchy
Each file can be associated
with arbitrary number of
other files
First generation DBMS
Limited data independence
Lengthy development time
 Network Model (1970s)
Provides for single entries of data and
navigational links through chains of data

Authors

Subjects Books

Publishers
 Evolution of Database
Relational Database
Organizes data in the
form of tables and
relationships among
them
Second generation
DBMS
Client/server
computing
Parallel processing
GUI
 Relational Model (1980s)
Provides a conceptually simple model for data as
relations (typically considered tables) with all data
visible. pubid pubname
Authorid Author name
1 Harper
2 Addison 1 Smith
3 Oxford 2 Wynar
Book ID Title pubid Author id 4 Que 3 Jones
1 Introduction 2 1 4 Duncan
2 The history 4 2 5 Applegate
3 New stuff ab 3 3
4 Another title 2 4
5 And yet more 1 5 Book ID Subid Subid Subject
1 2 1 cataloging
2 1 2 history
3 3 3 stuff
4 2
4 3
 Evolution of Database
Object-Oriented
Database
Based on object classes
and relationships
among them
Third generation DBMS
Structured and
unstructured data
 Object Oriented Data Model (1990s)
Encapsulates data and operations as Objects

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)
 Evolution of Database
Object Relational Database (1990s)
Hybrid between object-oriented and relational
databases
Similar to a relational database, but with
an object-oriented database model
Objects
Classes
Inheritance
 Evolution of Database
Multidimensional databases
It forms the basis for data warehouse
Allows us to view data in the form of cubes or a
star schema
Web-Enabled database 1990s-Present
Evolution of Database