2a.

Level of Petroleum Investigation

Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT

Lecturer of Trisakti University Jakarta
Semester Ganjil_2016 - 2017
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1 Introduction
2 Level of Petroleum Investigation Plate Tectonic
3 Petroleum Sedimentary Basin
4 Hydrocarbon Source Rock
5 Reservoir Rocks
6 Hydrocarbon Trap and Seals
7 Hydrocarbon Migration
8 Data Analysis
9 Exploration Risk Assessment
10 Prospect Analysis
11 Reserves Calculation
12 Petroleum Geology of Indonesia
2
 Level of
Petroleum Investigation
 Exploration ------
------- Man hours
Geophysics
Development ------ In the petroleum
industry, petroleum
geology is only one
Production ------ aspect of petroleum
exploration and
Geology Petroleum Engineering production

First Well Discover Production

Drilled y made begins
------- Time ten of years
Chemical and
Exploration Petroleum Petroleum Mechanical
Geophysics Geology Engineering Engineering Marketing

Acquisition of Exploration /
Concession Production
Transportation Refining Sale

All operation subject to legal, political and economic constraints (Selley, 1998)
4
PURE SCIENCES

Physics Chemistry Biology

GEOLOGY

Geophysical
Structural Organic
Exploration Sedimentology Petrography Stratigraphy Paleontology
Geology Geochemistry
& Logging

Carbonates
APPLICATION

Evaluation of Structural and Porosity and Source rocks and

Sedimentary Stratigraphic trap permeability the generation of
Basins location within reservoir petroleum
 Relation of Petroleum Geology to Sciences
19/10/2017 6
1st SEDIMENTARY BASIN

2nd PETROLEUM SYSTEM

EXPLORATION
PHASE
3rd EXPLORATION PLAY

4th PROSPECT

5th DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT
6th DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
PHASE

7th PRODUCTION
EXPLORATION PHASE
1st
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

2nd
PETROLEUM SYSTEM

3rd
EXPLORATION PLAY
ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

4th
PROSPECT

Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation

(EXPLORATION PHASE)
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect
can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.

Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic

sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.

Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship

between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and
gas accumulations.

Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic

similarity of a series of present-day traps.

Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap

EXPLORATION PHASE
(Sedimentary Basin Mapping)
 Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
Factor Sedimentary Petroleum Play Prospect
Basin System
Investigation Sedimentary Rock Petroleum Traps Trap

Economics None None Essential Essential

Geologic Time Time of deposition Critical Moment Present-day Present-day

Existence Absolute Absolute Conditional Conditional

Cost Very Low Low High Very high

Analysis & Basin System Play Prospect

Modeling

Magoon and Dow (1994)

If plate tectonics involves all phases of g lobal g eolog y, it follows that it directly
influences petroleum g eolog y. There is no field of petroleum g eolog y that is not
controlled by (or at least connected with) plate tectonic processes, including basin
form ation processes, certain sedim entation processes, the type of sedim ents
present, and the therm al m aturation of kerog en-thus, the entire history of oil and gas.
For exam ple: a petroleum g eolog ist will ask "To what deg ree is a certain area a
prospect for oil? " To arrive at a correct answer, he or she m ust first answer a num ber
of individual questions:

1 In what type of basin does the area lie?

2 How old is the sedimentary sec on?

3 Are source beds, reservoirs and cap rocks present?

4 What is the thermal history of the basin and the surrounding area?

5 Are there hydrocarbon migra on possibili es?

6 Are there traps and, if so, of what type and age?

7 Have hydrocarbons leaked?

8 What is the possibility of discovering oil reserves?

INDONESIA TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY BASINS

SOUTH CHINA SEA

400 KM
SULAWESI
SEA

eastern

BANDA SEA

western

UNDRILLED
22 PRODUCING
15 DISCOVERY
TOTAL OF 8
60 BASINS
NON PRODUCING NON DISCOVERY
DRILLED 15
38 23

Status : Jan 01, 1999

EXPLORATION PHASE
(Petroleum System Definition)
 Petroleum System Definition
Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature
source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of
these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for
hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a
petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the
petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and prospects are typically
developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of existing.

Elements Processes
Source Rock Generation
Reservoir Rock
Migration
Seal Rock
Accumulation
Trap

Migration Route Preservation

Cross Section Of A Petroleum System
(Foreland Basin Example)

Geographic Extent of Petroleum System

Extent of Play
Extent of Prospect/Field
O
O O

Stratigraphic
Extent of
Petroleum
Overburden Rock
System Essential

Sedimentary
Seal Rock

Basin Fill
Elements
of Reservoir Rock
Petroleum
Pod of Active System Source Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Basement Rock
Fold-and-Thrust Belt Top Oil Window
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
Top Gas Window
(modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
Venezuela Well Evaluation Conference, 1997, p. 1-24.
EXPLORATION PHASE
(Exploration Play Concept)
Doust, H, 2010: The Exploration Play - What Do We Mean by It?
 Basin cycle Early synrift Late synrift Early postrift Late postrift Analysis of plays
in the South
Lacustrine Deltaic coal / marine shale Deltaic coal /
Source rock shale coaly shale with terr. mat. coaly shale
Sumatra Basin,
Indonesia

Reservoir

Batu Raja reefoid

deltaics OlU-MiL

- platform lmsts

M. Palembang
L. Palembang
Data from: Oil & Gas field

basinal shales

fluvio-deltaics

fluvio-deltaics
alluvial facies

Telisa/Gumai
Lahat/Lemat

deltaics MiL

Muara Enim
Talang Akar

Talang Akar

Air Benakat
Basement Atlas, Vol III, IPA (1990)
levels quartzite

Abab
1 Stratigraphic sand
pinch-out
Mixed
charge Jene Reefoid relief
6
Petroleum systems Rambu- Tanjong
Kruh Jirak Ibul Raja Tan Lontai Simple anticline
Lahat-Lemat 3 9 6 7 3 1

Lahat/T.Akar- T.Akar Panga- Inverted / thrust

Tj Laban Tabuan Ramba Grissik K.Minyak anticline
dang
Talang Akar 4 1 2 1 5
1

Gumai Ben- Talang Rimb-

Bulu Tempino Kenali Mangung faulted anticline
akat Akar abat Deep Asam Jaya
3
Palembang 1 18 1 1 11 1
Limau Lang- Limau Sen- Footwall /
TQ51 kap Timur Arahan hangingwall
kuang
4 1 1 4 closure
1
NE
Tilted fault / horst
Teras
block
1

Doust, H, 2010: The Exploration Play - What Do We Mean by It?

EXPLORATION PHASE
(Prospect Generation)
Evaluation Process for Prospect Generation
RISK ASSESSMENT

Testing a stabilized CONTRACT TERMS

flow of hydrocarbons
POST DRILL
REVIEW
ECONOMIC
PLAY CONCEPT ENGINEERING ANALYSIS If success
Source rock Conceptual
Cash flow DECISION compare
Reservoir development plan
Trap Facilities cost model Actual
Timing & Migration Production profile And value parameters
Recovery factor matrix To predicted,
if Failure-
Optimization reason why?

VOLUMETRICS
COMMERCIAL
Volumetric distribution of ISSUES
Hydrocarbons
(In-place and estimated
Recoverable)
24
DEVELOPMENT AND
PRODUCTION PHASE
 DELINEATION
5th
DEVELOPMENT
AND
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION
6th PHASES

PRODUCTION
7th

DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION PHASES

Magoon and Dow (1994)

19/10/2017 26
Oil and gas operational phases and Technology Involvement

Project Critical subsurface Technology

phase information Involvement
1) Exploration Proven Petroleum System and Play Geophysics
Resources information Geology Concept
Drilling

2) Delineation Total hydrocarbon volume Geophysics

Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Geology Concept
Deliverability Drilling
Reservoir

3) Development Compartmentalization Geophysics

Exact locations of development wells Development Geology
Drilling
Reservoir

4) Production Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure Production

changes Reservoir
Flow restrictions and channeling Geophysics